World J Oncol

World Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1920-4531 print, 1920-454X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Oncol and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.wjon.org

Review

Volume 10, Number 3, June 2019, pages 123-131

Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Review of the Current Trend in Africa

Figure 1. Evaluation of the bladder neck and prostatic urethral for mucosal changes using white light microscopy.

Figure 2. Transurethral resection of an exophytic bladder tumor in fraction using a bipolar resectoscope at the Hospital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal.

**Table 1.** Demographics, Age Range, Sex Ratio and the Commonest Presenting Symptoms of Bladder Cancer in Most Parts of sub-Saharan Africa
Study	Study design	Study population	Age range	Mean age (years)	Gender ratio (m/f)	Commonest presenting symptoms
Pts: patients; m: male; f: female; UTI: urinary tract infection.
Nour et al [16] (Egypt)	Prospective hospital based	37 pts	N/A	N/A	All men	Gross hematuria, UTI
Ochicha et al [13] (Nigeria)	Retrospective hospital based	51 pts	5th and 6th decades	48.8	5.2/1	Gross hematuria
Diao et al [17] Senegal	Retrospective hospital based	428 pts	12 - 86	45	1.25/1	UTI, gross hematuria
Takure et al [18] (Nigeria)	Retrospective hospital based	181 pts	20 - 90	58.6 ± 14.2	3.1/1	N/A
Sule et al [19] (Nigeria)	Retrospective hospital based	327 pts	10 - 90	51.2 ± 11.74	7.6/1	N/A
Forae et al [7] (Nigeria)	Retrospective hospital based	51 pts	7 - 86	54.9 ± 8.6	1.7/1	N/A
Avakoudjo et al [20] (Benin)	Retrospective hospital based	35 pts	20 - 90	50.2 ± 16.3	3.0/1	Irritative symptoms, gross hematuria
Samake et al [21] (Mali)	Retrospective hospital based	50 pts	3 - 81	52.3 ± 17.8	1.08/1	N/A
Mapulanga et al [12] (Zambia)	Prospective hospital based	53 pts	25 - 80	57.4	1.3/1	Gross hematuria
Ibrahim et al [22] (Nigeria)	Retrospective hospital based	144 pts	29 - 87	54.9	2.4/1	Gross hematuria
Sharif-Askari et al [23] (Lybia)	Retrospective cohort study	835 pts	10 - 80	63 ± 14.7	8.8/1	Gross hematuria
Biluts et al [8] (Ethiopia)	Prospective hospital based	87 pts	20 - 90	49.73 ± 1.5	1.6/1	Gross hematuria
Rambau et al [15] (Tanzania)	Retrospective hospital based	185 pts	23 - 98	54.3	0.9/1

Table 1. Demographics, Age Range, Sex Ratio and the Commonest Presenting Symptoms of Bladder Cancer in Most Parts of sub-Saharan Africa

Study

Study design

Study population

Age range

Mean age (years)

Gender ratio (m/f)

Commonest presenting symptoms

Pts: patients; m: male; f: female; UTI: urinary tract infection.

Nour et al [16] (Egypt)

Prospective hospital based

37 pts

N/A

All men

Gross hematuria, UTI

Ochicha et al [13] (Nigeria)

Retrospective hospital based

51 pts

5th and 6th decades

48.8

5.2/1

Gross hematuria

Diao et al [17] Senegal

Retrospective hospital based

428 pts

12 - 86

1.25/1

UTI, gross hematuria

Takure et al [18] (Nigeria)

Retrospective hospital based

181 pts

20 - 90

58.6 ± 14.2

3.1/1

N/A

Sule et al [19] (Nigeria)

Retrospective hospital based

327 pts

10 - 90

51.2 ± 11.74

7.6/1

N/A

Forae et al [7] (Nigeria)

Retrospective hospital based

51 pts

7 - 86

54.9 ± 8.6

1.7/1

N/A

Avakoudjo et al [20] (Benin)

Retrospective hospital based

35 pts

20 - 90

50.2 ± 16.3

3.0/1

Irritative symptoms, gross hematuria

Samake et al [21] (Mali)

Retrospective hospital based

50 pts

3 - 81

52.3 ± 17.8

1.08/1

N/A

Mapulanga et al [12] (Zambia)

Prospective hospital based

53 pts

25 - 80

57.4

1.3/1

Gross hematuria

Ibrahim et al [22] (Nigeria)

Retrospective hospital based

144 pts

29 - 87

54.9

2.4/1

Gross hematuria

Sharif-Askari et al [23] (Lybia)

Retrospective cohort study

835 pts

10 - 80

63 ± 14.7

8.8/1

Gross hematuria

Biluts et al [8] (Ethiopia)

Prospective hospital based

87 pts

20 - 90

49.73 ± 1.5

1.6/1

Gross hematuria

Rambau et al [15] (Tanzania)

Retrospective hospital based

185 pts

23 - 98

54.3

0.9/1

**Table 2.** Mode of Diagnosis (Mostly by White Light Cystoscopy), Stage at Presentation and Histological Types
Study	Mode of diagnosis	Tumor stage at presentation	Histopathological type of bladder cancer
NMIBC: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Nour et al [16]	Cystoscopy	NMIBC
Ochicha et al [13]	N/A	N/A	35% (18/51)	53% (27/51)	12% (6/51)
Diao et al[17]	Cystoscopy	N/A	N/A	50.7%	29.2% Schistosoma ova
Takure et al [18]	N/A	N/A	68.5% (122/181)	19.9%	11% Adenocarcinoma
Sule et al [19]		40.6% NMIBC	49.6%	44.3%	6.1%
Forae et al [7]		70.% NMIBC	64.7%	5.9%	29.4%
Avakoudjo et al [20]	Cystoscopy	N/A	N/A	1 patient	3 Adenocarcinomas
Samake et al [21]	Cystoscopy	N/A	20%	76%	4%
Mapulanga et al [12]		N/A	30.2%	60.4%	9.4 % Adenocarcinoma
Ibrahim et al [22]	Cystoscopy	N/A	30.5%	63.8%	5.7%
Sharif-Askari et al [23]	Cystoscopy	N/A	87.4%	8.9%	3.7%
Biluts et al [8]	Cystoscopy	85.5% NMIBC	80.4%	5,2%	3.1% Adenocarcinoma
Rambau et al [15]		35.1% NMIBC	40.5%	55.1%	4.4%

Table 2. Mode of Diagnosis (Mostly by White Light Cystoscopy), Stage at Presentation and Histological Types

Study

Mode of diagnosis

Tumor stage at presentation

Histopathological type of bladder cancer

Urothelial cancer

Squamous cell

Others

NMIBC: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Nour et al [16]

Cystoscopy

NMIBC

Ochicha et al [13]

N/A

35% (18/51)

53% (27/51)

12% (6/51)

Diao et al[17]

Cystoscopy

N/A

50.7%

29.2% Schistosoma ova

Takure et al [18]

N/A

68.5% (122/181)

19.9%

11% Adenocarcinoma

Sule et al [19]

40.6% NMIBC

49.6%

44.3%

6.1%

Forae et al [7]

70.% NMIBC

64.7%

5.9%

29.4%

Avakoudjo et al [20]

Cystoscopy

N/A

1 patient

3 Adenocarcinomas

Samake et al [21]

Cystoscopy

N/A

20%

76%

Mapulanga et al [12]

N/A

30.2%

60.4%

9.4 % Adenocarcinoma

Ibrahim et al [22]

Cystoscopy

N/A

30.5%

63.8%

5.7%

Sharif-Askari et al [23]

Cystoscopy

N/A

87.4%

8.9%

3.7%

Biluts et al [8]

Cystoscopy

85.5% NMIBC

80.4%

5,2%

3.1% Adenocarcinoma

Rambau et al [15]

35.1% NMIBC

40.5%

55.1%

4.4%