Figure 1. Flowchart of the systematic review.
| World Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1920-4531 print, 1920-454X online, Open Access |
| Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Oncol and Elmer Press Inc |
| Journal website https://www.wjon.org |
Review
Volume 14, Number 3, June 2023, pages 165-173
Pituitary Metastases From Differentiated Thyroid Cancers: A Systematic Review
Figures
Tables
| Author | Country | Age/gender | Mass effect | Visual symptom | Cranial nerve palsy | PRL | Deficient anterior pituitary hormones | Location of PM (intra-sella - 0; extra/supra-sella - 1) | Histology of DTC | Time interval between DTC and PM (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aPatient presented with non-specific symptoms. NS: not specified; NR: not recorded; PRL: prolactin; PTC: papillary thyroid cancer; HCC: Hurthle cell cancer; FTC: follicular thyroid cancer; DTC: differentiated thyroid cancer; PM: pituitary metastasis; ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; GH: growth hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; ↔: normal; ↑: elevated. | ||||||||||
| Aleyadeh et al, 2012 [15] | Jordan | 49/F | Y | Y | NS | ↔ | NR | 1 | FTC | 0.25 |
| Barbaro et al, 2011 [9] | Italy | 63/F; 65/F | N (both cases) | Y (both cases) | III (first case); NS (second case) | ↑ (first case); N (second case) | NR (first case); None (second case) | 0 (both cases) | PTC | 0 (first case); 0.17 (second case) |
| Bell et al, 2001 [16] | Canada | 35/F | N | Y | NS | NS | NR | NS | PTC | 25 |
| Nada et al, 2002 [17] | Canada | 72/M | Y | Y | NS | NS | NR | 1 | PTC | 14 |
| Chikani et al, 2013 [18] | Australia | 70/F | Na | N | NS | ↑ | TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH, LH | 1 | PTC | 18 |
| Chrisoulidou et al, 2004 [19] | Greece | 60/M | N | Y | III | NS | None | 1 | FTC | 4 |
| Estrada et al, 2019 [20] | USA | 86/M | Na | Na | NS | ↑ | ACTH, LH, TSH | 1 | PTC | 15 |
| Gao et al, 2019 [21] | China | 60/F | Y | Y | NS | ↑ | NR | 1 | FTC | 0 |
| Hirayama et al, 2022 [22] | Japan | 74/M | N | Y | NS | ↔ | ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, TSH | 1 | PTC | 0 |
| Ilerhunmwuwa et al, 2020 [10] | UK | 85/M | Y | Y | NS | ↑ | LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH | 1 | HCC | 10 |
| Lim et al, 2015 [23] | Singapore | 65/F | N | Y | NS | ↑ | LH | 1 | FTC | 0 |
| Madronio et al, 2011 [5] | Philippines | 53/F | Y | Y | NS | ↑ | None | 1 | PTC | 22 |
| Masiukiewicz et al, 1999 [24] | USA | 56/M; 55/F | N (both cases) | Y (second case) | NS (in both cases) | TSH (first case) | 1 (both cases) | PTC (both cases) | 9 (first case); 20 (second case) | |
| Matyja et al, 2016 [25] | Poland | 53/M | Y | Y | VI | ↔ | TSH | 1 | HCC | 4 |
| Meltzer et al, 2021 [26] | USA | 56/F | Y | Y | III | NS | NR | 1 | PTC | 17 |
| Muninthorn et al, 2021 [27] | Thailand | 64/F | N | N | NS | ↑ | NR | 1 | PTC | 0.17 |
| Ochiai et al, 1992 [28] | Japan | 62/F | N | Y | III and VI | NS | None | 1 | FTC | 0 |
| Poplawska-Kita et al, 2020 [29] | Poland | 68/F | N | Y | III | NS | None | 1 | PTC | 2 |
| Prodam et al, 2010 [30] | Italy | 45/F | Y | Y | III and VI | ↑ | LH, FSH | 1 | FTC | 10 |
| Yilmazlar et al, 2004 [31] | Turkey | 43/F | Y | Y | NS | ↑ | NR | 1 | FTC | 2 |
| Simmons et al, 2010 [32] | USA | 48/M | Y | Y | NS | NS | NR | NS | PTC | 0 |
| Simon et al, 2004 [33] | USA | 23/F | Y | Y | III and VI | ↑ | None | 1 | FTC | 0 |
| Souza Mota et al, 2018 [34] | Brazil | 58/M | Y | Y | NS | ↑ | TSH, FSH, LH | 1 | FTC | 3 |
| Vianello et al, 2011 [35] | Italy | 61/F | N | Y | NS | ↔ | TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH | 1 | FTC | 0 |
| Zheng et al, 2021 [36] | China | 43/F | N | Y | NS | ↔ | None | 1 | PTC | 8 |
| Variable | N = 27 |
|---|---|
| aCN III and IV occurred in isolation in three and one cases, respectively, both in combination in four cases. PTC: papillary thyroid cancer; FTC: follicular thyroid cancer; HCC: Hurthle cell cancer; DI: diabetes insipidus; LH: luteinizing hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; PRL: prolactin; GH: growth hormone. | |
| Age, years | 60 (range 23 - 86) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 18 (66.7%) |
| Male | 9 (33.3%) |
| Histology of pituitary metastases from thyroid cancer | |
| PTC | 15 (55.6%) |
| FTC | 10 (37.0%) |
| HCC | 2 (7.4%) |
| Cranial nerve involvement (n = 8) | |
| CN IIIa | 6 (75%) |
| CN IVa | 4 (25%) |
| PRL (n = 19) | |
| Elevated | 12 (63.2%) |
| Normal | 7 (36.8%) |
| Deficient hormones (n = 16) | |
| TSH | 7 (43.8%) |
| LH | 8 (50%) |
| FSH | 6 (37.5%) |
| ACTH | 5 (31.3%) |
| GH | 2 (12.5%) |
| Location of pituitary metastases | |
| Intrasellar | 3 (11.1%) |
| Extra-/supra-sellar | 23 (88.4%) |
| Time to pituitary metastases, years | 3 (0 - 25) |
| Author | Treatment modality | Cured | Survival (months) | Death (Y or N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NS: not specified; NR: not recorded; Y: yes; N: no. | ||||
| Aleyadeh et al, 2012 [15] | Surgery, radiotherapy, radio-iodine | No | 24 | N |
| Barbaro et al, 2011 [9] | Radiotherapy, radio-iodine (first case); Surgery, radiotherapy (second case) | Yes (first case); No (second case) | 3 (first case); 4.7 (second case) | N (both cases) |
| Bell et al, 2001 [16] | Surgery | NS | NR | NS |
| Nada et al, 2002 [17] | Radiosurgery, chemotherapy | No | NR | NS |
| Chikani et al, 2013 [18] | Surgery, radiotherapy, radio-iodine | No | 59 | Y |
| Chrisoulidou et al, 2004 [19] | Surgery, radiotherapy | Yes | NR | NS |
| Estrada et al, 2019 [20] | Radiotherapy, chemotherapy | No | 7 | Y |
| Gao et al, 2019 [21] | Surgery, radio-iodine | NS | NR | NS |
| Hirayama et al, 2022 [22] | Surgery | NS | NR | NS |
| Ilerhunmwuwa et al, 2020 [10] | Surgery, radiotherapy | No | 5 | N |
| Lim et al, 2015 [23] | Surgery, radio-iodine | No | 5 | Y |
| Madronio et al, 2011 [5] | Surgery | No | 13 | N |
| Masiukiewicz et al, 1999 [24] | Radio-iodine (first case); Surgery, radiosurgery (second case) | No (both cases) | 8 (first case); 7 (second case) | N (first case); Y (second case) |
| Matyja et al, 2016 [25] | Surgery, radiotherapy | NS | 7 | N |
| Meltzer et al, 2021 [26] | Surgery, radiotherapy | Yes | 5 | N |
| Muninthorn et al, 2021 [27] | Surgery, radiotherapy, radio-iodine | NS | 6 | N |
| Ochiai et al, 1992 [28] | Surgery, radio-iodine | No | 36 | N |
| Poplawska-Kita et al, 2020 [29] | Radio-iodine | No | 24 | Y |
| Prodam et al, 2010 [30] | Surgery, radio-iodine | Yes | NR | NS |
| Yilmazlar et al, 2004 [31] | Surgery, radio-iodine | NS | 60 | N |
| Simmons et al, 2010 [32] | Surgery, radio-iodine | NS | 36 | N |
| Simon et al, 2004 [33] | Radio-iodine | NS | 36 | N |
| Souza Mota et al, 2018 [34] | Surgery, chemotherapy | NS | 12 | Y |
| Vianello et al, 2011 [35] | Surgery, radiotherapy, radio-iodine | NS | 108 | N |
| Zheng et al, 2021 [36] | Surgery, radiotherapy, radio-iodine | NS | NR | NS |