World J Oncol

World Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1920-4531 print, 1920-454X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Oncol and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.wjon.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 5, October 2023, pages 423-429

Tumor Markers as Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury Incidence and Staging of the Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Receiving Chemoradiation Therapy

**Table 1.** Subject Characteristics
Variable	Frequency (%)/mean (SD)
SD: standard deviation.
Gender
Male	24 (92.3%)
Female	2 (7.7%)
Age	58.88 (11.48)
Bladder cancer staging
Stage I	0 (0%)
Stage II	12 (46.20%)
Stage III	6 (23.1%)
Stage IV	8 (30.7%)
T staging
T1	0 (0%)
T2	12 (46.2%)
T3	8 (30.8%)
T4	6 (23.1%)
N staging
N0	18 (69.2%)
N1	3 (11.5%)
N2	5 (19.2%)
N3	0 (0%)
M staging
M1	24 (92.3%)
M2	2 (7.7%)

Table 1. Subject Characteristics

Variable

Frequency (%)/mean (SD)

SD: standard deviation.

Gender

Male

24 (92.3%)

Female

2 (7.7%)

Age

58.88 (11.48)

Bladder cancer staging

Stage I

0 (0%)

Stage II

12 (46.20%)

Stage III

6 (23.1%)

Stage IV

8 (30.7%)

T staging

0 (0%)

12 (46.2%)

8 (30.8%)

6 (23.1%)

N staging

18 (69.2%)

3 (11.5%)

5 (19.2%)

0 (0%)

M staging

24 (92.3%)

2 (7.7%)

**Table 2.** Comparison of Tumor Marker CD44, Erb2/HER2, PD-1 and PD-L1 Pre- and Post-Chemoradiation
Tumor markers	Pre-chemoradiation (mean (SD)/median (min - max))	Post-chemoradiation (mean (SD)/median (min - max))	P value
^aPaired t-test. ^bWilcoxon test. *P < 0.05. SD: standard deviation; min: minimum; max: maximum; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
CD44	299.24 (91.45)	360.39 (84.28)	0.003^a*
Erb2/HER2	3,364.12 (960.69)	3,264.46 (904.27)	0.719^a
PD-1	245.50 (114.20 - 562.58)	311.09 (137.80 - 1,529.30)	0.030^b*
PD-L1	98.57 (57.72 - 208.74)	127.47 (47.06 - 9,343)	0.143^b

Table 2. Comparison of Tumor Marker CD44, Erb2/HER2, PD-1 and PD-L1 Pre- and Post-Chemoradiation

Tumor markers

Pre-chemoradiation (mean (SD)/median (min - max))

Post-chemoradiation (mean (SD)/median (min - max))

P value

^aPaired t-test. ^bWilcoxon test. *P < 0.05. SD: standard deviation; min: minimum; max: maximum; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

CD44

299.24 (91.45)

360.39 (84.28)

0.003^a*

Erb2/HER2

3,364.12 (960.69)

3,264.46 (904.27)

0.719^a

PD-1

245.50 (114.20 - 562.58)

311.09 (137.80 - 1,529.30)

0.030^b*

PD-L1

98.57 (57.72 - 208.74)

127.47 (47.06 - 9,343)

0.143^b

**Table 3.** One-Way ANOVA for Tumor Staging and Tumor Marker CD44, Erb2/HER2, PD-1 and PD-L1 Pre- and Post-Chemoradiation
Tumor markers	Pre-chemoradiation	Post-chemoradiation
*P < 0.05. ANOVA: analysis of variance; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; Sig.: significance; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
CD44	0.11	0.256	0.618	0.73	1.884	0.183
Erb2/HER2	0.31	0.761	0.392	0.00	0.002	0.966
PD-1	0.278	9.230	0.006*	0.137	3.801	0.063
PD-L1	0.007	0.166	0.687	0.018	0.430	0.518

Table 3. One-Way ANOVA for Tumor Staging and Tumor Marker CD44, Erb2/HER2, PD-1 and PD-L1 Pre- and Post-Chemoradiation

Tumor markers

Pre-chemoradiation

Post-chemoradiation

Eta-squared

Sig.

Eta-squared

Sig.

*P < 0.05. ANOVA: analysis of variance; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; Sig.: significance; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

CD44

0.11

0.256

0.618

0.73

1.884

0.183

Erb2/HER2

0.31

0.761

0.392

0.00

0.002

0.966

PD-1

0.278

9.230

0.006*

0.137

3.801

0.063

PD-L1

0.007

0.166

0.687

0.018

0.430

0.518

**Table 4.** One-Way ANOVA for Acute Kidney Injury and Tumor Marker CD44, Erb2/HER2, PD-1 and PD-L1 Pre- and Post-Chemoradiation
Tumor markers	Pre-chemoradiation	Post-chemoradiation
*P < 0.05. ANOVA: analysis of variance; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; Sig.: significance; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
CD44	0.129	3.557	0.071	0.049	1.228	0.279
Erb2/HER2	0.035	0.883	0.357	0.000	0.000	0.983
PD-1	0.241	7.620	0.011*	0.000	0.007	0.933
PD-L1	0.152	4.306	0.049	0.046	1.164	0.291

Table 4. One-Way ANOVA for Acute Kidney Injury and Tumor Marker CD44, Erb2/HER2, PD-1 and PD-L1 Pre- and Post-Chemoradiation

Tumor markers

Pre-chemoradiation

Post-chemoradiation

Eta-squared

Sig.

Eta-squared

Sig.

*P < 0.05. ANOVA: analysis of variance; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; Sig.: significance; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

CD44

0.129

3.557

0.071

0.049

1.228

0.279

Erb2/HER2

0.035

0.883

0.357

0.000

0.983

PD-1

0.241

7.620

0.011*

0.000

0.007

0.933

PD-L1

0.152

4.306

0.049

0.046

1.164

0.291

**Table 5.** MANOVA for Acute Kidney Injury and Tumor Staging for Tumor Marker CD44 and PD-1 Pre- and Post-Chemoradiation
MANOVA	Box	Pillai	Wilk’s	F value	P
*P < 0.05. MANOVA: multivariate analysis of variance; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; AKI: acute kidney injury.
AKI	0.12	0.377	0.623	3.181	0.034*
Tumor staging	0.034	0.342	0.658	2.73	0.057

Table 5. MANOVA for Acute Kidney Injury and Tumor Staging for Tumor Marker CD44 and PD-1 Pre- and Post-Chemoradiation

MANOVA

Box

Pillai

Wilk’s

F value

*P < 0.05. MANOVA: multivariate analysis of variance; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; AKI: acute kidney injury.

AKI

0.12

0.377

0.623

3.181

0.034*

Tumor staging

0.034

0.342

0.658

2.73

0.057