World Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1920-4531 print, 1920-454X online, Open Access |
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Oncol and Elmer Press Inc |
Journal website https://www.wjon.org |
Original Article
Volume 15, Number 4, August 2024, pages 598-611
Association of Definitive Radiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer and the Incidence of Secondary Head and Neck Cancers: A SEER Population-Based Study
Figures
Tables
Characteristics | NRT (N = 4,919) | RT (N = 9,239) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
EC: esophageal cancer; IQR: interquartile range; NRT: no radiation therapy; RT: radiotherapy; SHNC: secondary head and neck cancer. | |||
Race | < 0.001 | ||
Black | 432 (8.8%) | 1,184 (12.8%) | |
White | 4,239 (86.2%) | 7,513 (81.3%) | |
Other | 248 (5.0%) | 542 (5.9%) | |
Sex | < 0.001 | ||
Female | 1,040 (21.1%) | 2,231 (24.1%) | |
Male | 3,879 (78.9%) | 7,008 (75.9%) | |
Age of EC diagnosis | 0.002 | ||
20 - 49 | 462 (9.4%) | 756 (8.2%) | |
50 - 74 | 3,454 (70.2%) | 6,741 (73.0%) | |
≥ 75 | 1,003 (20.4%) | 1,742 (18.9%) | |
Year of EC diagnosis | 0.004 | ||
1975 - 1984 | 551 (11.2%) | 1,037 (11.2%) | |
1985 - 1994 | 960 (19.5%) | 1,580 (17.1%) | |
1995 - 2004 | 1,271 (25.8%) | 2,433 (26.3%) | |
≥ 2005 | 2,137 (43.4%) | 4,189 (45.3%) | |
Tumor stage of EC | < 0.001 | ||
Distant | 722 (14.7%) | 1,513 (16.4%) | |
Localized | 2,150 (43.7%) | 2,416 (26.2%) | |
Regional | 1,053 (21.4%) | 3,603 (39.0%) | |
Unknown | 994 (20.2%) | 1,707 (18.5%) | |
Tumor histology of EC | < 0.001 | ||
Adenocarcinoma | 2,963 (60.2%) | 4,227 (45.8%) | |
Squamous carcinoma | 1,347 (27.4%) | 4,263 (46.1%) | |
Others | 609 (12.4%) | 749 (8.1%) | |
Tumor grade of EC | < 0.001 | ||
Grade I/II | 1,956 (39.8%) | 3,631 (39.3%) | |
Grade III/IV | 1,545 (31.4%) | 3,702 (40.1%) | |
Unknown | 1,418 (28.8%) | 1,906 (20.6%) | |
Tumor primary site of EC | < 0.001 | ||
Upper esophagus | 188 (3.8%) | 981 (10.6%) | |
Middle esophagus | 700 (14.2%) | 1,911 (20.7%) | |
Lower esophagus | 3,187 (64.8%) | 5,119 (55.4%) | |
NOS | 723 (14.7%) | 827 (9.0%) | |
Overlapping | 121 (2.5%) | 401 (4.3%) | |
Tumor size of EC | < 0.001 | ||
< 2 cm | 360 (7.3%) | 214 (2.3%) | |
≥ 2 cm | 771 (15.7%) | 2,430 (26.3%) | |
Unknown | 3,788 (77.0%) | 6,595 (71.4%) | |
Chemotherapy of EC | < 0.001 | ||
No/unknown | 3,763 (76.5%) | 1,666 (18.0%) | |
Yes | 1,156 (23.5%) | 7,573 (82.0%) | |
Surgery of EC | < 0.001 | ||
No surgery | 1,824 (37.1%) | 5,542 (60.0%) | |
Surgery performed | 3,095 (62.9%) | 3,697 (40.0%) | |
Patients who developed SHNC | 36 (0.7%) | 110 (1.2%) | 0.011 |
Median age of EC diagnosis (IQR), years | 65 (57.0 - 73.0) | 65 (57.0 - 72.0) | 0.397 |
Median year of EC diagnosis (IQR) | 2,002 (1,992.0 - 2,010.0) | 2,003 (1,993.0 - 2,011.0) | 0.006 |
Median latency between esophagus cancer and SHNC (IQR), months | 93.5 (41.5 - 156.0) | 45.5 (25.3 - 84.3) | < 0.001 |
Median follow-up time of patients with EC (IQR), months | 36 (19.0 - 91.5) | 27 (17.0 - 56.0) | < 0.001 |
Characteristics | NRT (N = 36) | RT (N = 110) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
EC: esophageal cancer; IQR: interquartile range; NRT: no radiation therapy; RT: radiotherapy; SHNC: secondary head and neck cancer. | |||
Race | 0.576 | ||
Black | 8 (22.2%) | 34 (30.9%) | |
White | 26 (72.2%) | 68 (61.8%) | |
Other | 2 (5.6%) | 8 (7.3%) | |
Year of EC diagnosis | 0.052 | ||
1975 - 1984 | 12 (33.3%) | 16 (14.5%) | |
1985 - 1994 | 8 (22.2%) | 32 (29.1%) | |
1995 - 2004 | 12 (33.3%) | 34 (30.9%) | |
≥ 2005 | 4 (11.1%) | 28 (25.5%) | |
Age of EC diagnosis | 0.929 | ||
20 - 49 | 5 (13.9%) | 13 (11.8%) | |
50 - 74 | 29 (80.6%) | 90 (81.8%) | |
≥ 75 | 2 (5.6%) | 7 (6.4%) | |
Sex | 0.226 | ||
Female | 9 (25.0%) | 41 (37.3%) | |
Male | 27 (75.0%) | 69 (62.7%) | |
Tumor stage of EC | 0.148 | ||
Distant | 2 (5.6%) | 8 (7.3%) | |
Localized | 21 (58.3%) | 42 (38.2%) | |
Regional | 7 (19.4%) | 41 (37.3%) | |
Unknown | 6 (16.7%) | 19 (17.3%) | |
Tumor histology of EC | 0.094 | ||
Adenocarcinoma | 6 (16.7%) | 7 (6.4%) | |
Squamous carcinoma | 27 (75.0%) | 98 (89.1%) | |
Others | 3 (8.3%) | 5 (4.5%) | |
Tumor grade of EC | 0.630 | ||
Grade I/II | 21 (58.3%) | 53 (48.2%) | |
Grade III/IV | 7 (19.4%) | 27 (24.5%) | |
Unknown | 8 (22.2%) | 30 (27.3%) | |
Tumor primary site of EC | 0.002 | ||
Upper esophagus | 1 (2.8%) | 34 (30.9%) | |
Middle esophagus | 9 (25.0%) | 25 (22.7%) | |
Lower esophagus | 19 (52.8%) | 31 (28.2%) | |
NOS | 6 (16.7%) | 15 (13.6%) | |
Overlapping | 1 (2.8%) | 5 (4.5%) | |
Tumor size of EC | 0.461 | ||
< 2 cm | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
≥ 2 cm | 3 (8.3%) | 18 (16.4%) | |
Unknown | 33 (91.7%) | 91 (82.7%) | |
Chemotherapy of EC | < 0.001 | ||
No/unknown | 31 (86.1%) | 18 (16.4%) | |
Yes | 5 (13.9%) | 92 (83.6%) | |
Surgery of EC | < 0.001 | ||
No surgery | 9 (25.0%) | 75 (68.2%) | |
Surgery performed | 27 (75.0%) | 35 (31.8%) | |
Median age of EC diagnosis (IQR), years | 59 (56.0 - 65.3) | 59 (54.0 - 66.0) | 0.969 |
Median year of EC diagnosis (IQR) | 1,991 (1,983.8 - 2,000.5) | 1,996 (1,989.0 - 2,004.8) | 0.063 |
Median follow-up time of patients with EC (IQR), months | 151 (73.5 - 203.0) | 82 (42.5 - 117.8) | < 0.001 |
ESCC | EAC | Other histological types of EC | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
EAC: esophageal adenocarcinoma; EC: esophageal cancer; ESCC: esophageal squamous cell cancer; HNAC: head and neck adenocarcinoma; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell cancer; SHNC: secondary head and neck cancer. | ||||
Secondary HNSCC | 117 | 13 | 8 | 138 |
Secondary HNAC | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Other histological types of SHNC | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Total | 125 | 13 | 8 | 146 |
Total (n = 14,158) | NRT (n = 4,919) | RT | |
---|---|---|---|
*P < 0.05. EC: esophageal cancer; NRT: no radiation therapy; RT: radiotherapy; SHNC: secondary head and neck cancer. | |||
All | 5.95 (5.15 - 6.84)* | 3.51 (2.64 - 4.58)* | 8.04 (6.78 - 9.47)* |
Race | |||
White | 4.33 (3.60 - 5.16)* | 2.56 (1.78 - 3.56)* | 5.95 (4.77 - 7.32)* |
Black | 16.74 (12.77 - 21.55)* | 13.96 (8.13 - 22.36)* | 18.17 (13.15 - 24.47)* |
Other | 13.43 (7.34 - 22.53)* | 4.17 (0.51 - 15.07) | 21.31 (11.01 - 37.22)* |
Sex | |||
Female | 18.18 (13.87 - 23.40)* | 8.71 (4.50 - 15.22)* | 24.95 (18.40 - 33.08)* |
Male | 4.60 (3.87 - 5.44)* | 3.00 (2.16 - 4.06)* | 6.01 (4.87 - 7.34)* |
Age | |||
20 - 59 | 9.13 (7.45 - 11.09)* | 5.69 (3.84 - 8.13)* | 12.20 (9.55 - 15.37)* |
60 - 74 | 4.82 (3.85 - 5.95)* | 2.62 (1.62 - 4.01)* | 6.64 (5.11 - 8.47)* |
≥ 75 | 2.47 (1.23 - 4.42)* | 1.43 (0.30 - 4.19) | 3.40 (1.47 - 6.70)* |
Year of EC diagnosis | |||
1975 - 1984 | 9.41 (6.59 - 13.02)* | 7.86 (4.58 - 12.58)* | 11.42 (6.88 - 17.84)* |
1985 - 1994 | 7.66 (5.78 - 9.94)* | 2.81 (1.35 - 5.16)* | 12.26 (8.97 - 16.35)* |
1995 - 2004 | 6.11 (4.73 - 7.78)* | 4.07 (2.48 - 6.28)* | 7.83 (5.73 - 10.44)* |
≥ 2005 | 3.53 (2.52 - 4.81)* | 1.48 (0.60 - 3.05) | 4.99 (3.44 - 7.01)* |
Tumor grade | |||
Grade I/II | 7.92 (6.50 - 9.57)* | 5.01 (3.42 - 7.07)* | 10.50 (8.27 - 13.14)* |
Grade III/IV | 4.00 (2.89 - 5.38)* | 2.55 (1.22 - 4.69)* | 4.82 (3.32 - 6.77)* |
Unknown | 5.23 (3.83 - 6.97)* | 2.40 (1.24 - 4.19)* | 8.95 (6.20 - 12.51)* |
Tumor stage | |||
Distant | 3.74 (1.79 - 6.87)* | 3.00 (0.36 - 10.83) | 3.98 (1.72 - 7.84)* |
Localized | 5.32 (4.26 - 6.57)* | 3.01 (2.03 - 4.30)* | 9.03 (6.82 - 11.72)* |
Regional | 6.09 (4.66 - 7.83)* | 4.70 (2.43 - 8.21)* | 6.57 (4.86 - 8.68)* |
Unknown | 9.27 (6.65 - 12.58)* | 4.56 (2.18 - 8.38)* | 13.91 (9.45 - 19.75)* |
Surgery | |||
Yes | 3.94 (3.14 - 4.88)* | 3.18 (2.25 - 4.36)* | 4.92 (3.60 - 6.56)* |
No | 9.53 (7.86 - 11.45)* | 4.69 (2.68 - 7.62)* | 11.46 (9.30 - 13.97)* |
Chemotherapy | |||
Yes | 7.59 (6.33 - 9.02)* | 3.84 (1.41 - 8.36)* | 7.97 (6.62 - 9.52)* |
No | 4.27 (3.33 - 5.39)* | 3.48 (2.56 - 4.61)* | 8.48 (5.31 - 12.84)* |
Latency | |||
12 - 59 | 5.26 (4.25 - 6.44)* | 2.23 (1.27 - 3.62)* | 7.31 (5.77 - 9.12)* |
60 - 119 | 7.20 (5.53 - 9.21)* | 3.47 (1.94 - 5.72)* | 10.83 (7.99 - 14.36)* |
120 - 239 | 7.13 (5.12 - 9.67)* | 7.22 (4.58 - 10.84)* | 7.01 (4.16 - 11.08)* |
≥ 240 | 0.00 (0.00 - 4.10) | 0.00 (0.00 - 5.45) | 0.00 (0.00 - 16.45) |