World J Oncol

World Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1920-4531 print, 1920-454X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Oncol and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.wjon.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 3, June 2024, pages 432-453

Epidemiology of Adenosquamous Carcinomas

Figure 1. Distribution of cancers in SEER, 1975 - 2020 for sites analyzed. Distribution of adenosquamous carcinoma cases in all major sites examined (total of 26,525 cases (92.7% of all adenosquamous carcinoma cases in SEER)) (left). Distribution of all conventional adenocarcinoma cases in sites examined (total of 1,535,527 cases) (middle). Distribution of all conventional squamous cell carcinoma cases in sites examined (total of 588,802 cases) (right).

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier survival curves comparing overall survival of adenosquamous carcinomas patients to those with either conventional adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas. The black line represents a comparative survival curve for all malignancies within that site. (a) Lung cancer. (b) Uterine/cervical cancer. (c) Pancreatic cancer. (d) Oral cavity cancer. (e) Biliary cancer. (f) Esophageal cancer. (g) Colorectal cancer. (h) Gastric cancer. All survival curves are shown with 95% confidence interval. Among subtypes, pairwise statistical comparisons by the log-rank test are shown relative to adenosquamous carcinomas.

**Table 1.** Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Lung Cancer by Histology
Lung	All	Adenocarcinoma	Squamous	Adenosquamous	P value
P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
N (%)	1,124,192 (100)	357,273 (31.8)	226,774 (20.2)	12,498 (1.1)
Age (years) (%)
0 - 14	180 (< 1)	5 (< 1)	2 (< 1)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
15 - 29	1,393 (0.1)	248 (0.1)	86 (< 1)	10 (0.1)
30 - 49	48,725 (4.3)	18,354 (5.1)	5,840 (2.6)	540 (4.3)
50 - 69	496,997 (44.2)	166,617 (46.6)	96,877 (42.7)	5,489 (43.9)
70 - 89	576,897 (51.3)	172,049 (48.2)	123,969 (54.7)	6,459 (51.7)
Mean (SD)	69.0 (10.7)	68.2 (10.8)	69.9 (9.6)	68.9 (10.4)	< 0.001
Median	70	69	71	70
Sex (%)
Male	603,851 (53.7)	178,466 (50.0)	145,474 (64.1)	6,960 (55.7)	< 0.001
Female	520,341 (46.3)	178,807 (50.0)	81,300 (35.9)	5,538 (44.3)
Race (%)
White	938,501 (83.5)	288,603 (80.8)	190,397 (84.0)	10,391 (83.1)	< 0.001
Black	111,668 (9.9)	37,065 (10.4)	24,883 (11.0)	1,216 (9.7)
Other	74,023 (6.6)	31,605 (8.8)	11,494 (5.1)	891 (7.1)
Detection stage (%)
Localized	222,677 (19.8)	71,010 (19.9)	55,571 (24.5)	3,265 (26.1)	< 0.001
Regional	260,684 (23.2)	73,042 (20.4)	75,034 (22.1)	4,127 (22.0)
Distant	573,501 (51.0)	202,024 (56.5)	86,151 (38.0)	4,844 (38.8)
Unstaged	67,330 (6.0)	11,191 (3.1)	10,018 (4.4)	262 (2.1)
Grade differentiation (%)
Well	49,946 (4.4)	20,356 (5.7)	5,284 (2.3)	124 (1.0)	< 0.001
Moderate	151,654 (13.5)	63,230 (17.7)	57,028 (25.1)	2,445 (19.6)
Poor	310,089 (27.6)	93,380 (26.1)	74,361 (32.8)	5,614 (44.9)
Unknown	612,503 (54.5)	180,307 (50.5)	90,101 (39.7)	4,315 (34.5)
Surgery (%)
Yes	260,926 (23.2)	92,593 (25.9)	62,602 (27.6)	6,247 (50.0)	< 0.001
No	863,266 (76.8)	264,680 (74.1)	164,172 (72.4)	6,251 (50.0)
Chemotherapy (%)
Yes	433,894 (38.6)	146,491 (41.0)	80,278 (35.4)	4,284 (34.3)	< 0.001
No	690,298 (61.4)	210,782 (59.0)	146,496 (64.6)	8,214 (65.7)
Radiotherapy (%)
Yes	430,333 (38.3)	140,587 (39.4)	106,011 (46.7)	4,491 (35.9)	< 0.001
No	693,859 (61.7)	216,686 (60.6)	120,763 (53.3)	8,007 (64.1)
Incidence rate (95% CI)					-
All	565 (564 - 566)	179 (178 - 180)	109.5 (109.0 - 110.0)	5.9 (5.8 - 6.0)
Male	675 (673 - 677)	198 (197 - 199)	155.6 (154.8 - 156.5)	7.4 (7.2 - 7.6)
Female	482 (481 - 484)	165 (164 - 166)	73.2 (72.7 - 73.8)	4.8 (4.7 - 5.0)
CSS (95% CI)					-
1-year	47.8 (47.6 - 47.9)	52.9 (52.7 - 53.1)	52.8 (52.5 - 53.1)	57.6 (56.4 - 58.7)
2-year	33.6 (33.5 - 33.8)	38.7 (38.5 - 38.9)	37.3 (37.1 - 37.6)	42.7 (41.5 - 43.8)
5-year	21.7 (21.6 - 21.9)	24.0 (23.8 - 24.2)	24.2 (24.0 - 24.5)	30.0 (28.9 - 31.2)
10-year	16.1 (16.0 - 16.3)	17.1 (16.9 - 17.3)	17.4 (17.2 - 17.7)	22.4 (21.2 - 23.5)
Median (months)	10.9	13.7	13.5	16.6
RS (95% CI)					-
1-year	44.2 (44.1 - 44.3)	50.0 (49.8 - 50.2)	48.7 (48.5 - 49.0)	54.4 (53.3 - 55.5)
2-year	29.7 (29.6 - 29.8)	35.3 (35.1 - 35.5)	32.4 (32.2 - 32.7)	38.6 (37.5 - 39.7)
5-year	16.8 (16.7 - 16.9)	19.5 (19.4 - 19.7)	17.5 (17.3 - 17.8)	23.2 (22.2 - 24.2)
10-year	9.5 (9.4 - 9.5)	11.0 (10.8 - 11.1)	8.4 (8.2 - 8.6)	13.0 (12.1 - 13.9)
Median (months)	9.4	12.0	11.4	14.3

Table 1. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Lung Cancer by Histology

Lung

All

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous

Adenosquamous

P value

P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.

N (%)

1,124,192 (100)

357,273 (31.8)

226,774 (20.2)

12,498 (1.1)

Age (years) (%)

0 - 14

180 (< 1)

5 (< 1)

2 (< 1)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

15 - 29

1,393 (0.1)

248 (0.1)

86 (< 1)

10 (0.1)

30 - 49

48,725 (4.3)

18,354 (5.1)

5,840 (2.6)

540 (4.3)

50 - 69

496,997 (44.2)

166,617 (46.6)

96,877 (42.7)

5,489 (43.9)

70 - 89

576,897 (51.3)

172,049 (48.2)

123,969 (54.7)

6,459 (51.7)

Mean (SD)

69.0 (10.7)

68.2 (10.8)

69.9 (9.6)

68.9 (10.4)

< 0.001

Median

Sex (%)

Male

603,851 (53.7)

178,466 (50.0)

145,474 (64.1)

6,960 (55.7)

< 0.001

Female

520,341 (46.3)

178,807 (50.0)

81,300 (35.9)

5,538 (44.3)

Race (%)

White

938,501 (83.5)

288,603 (80.8)

190,397 (84.0)

10,391 (83.1)

< 0.001

Black

111,668 (9.9)

37,065 (10.4)

24,883 (11.0)

1,216 (9.7)

Other

74,023 (6.6)

31,605 (8.8)

11,494 (5.1)

891 (7.1)

Detection stage (%)

Localized

222,677 (19.8)

71,010 (19.9)

55,571 (24.5)

3,265 (26.1)

< 0.001

Regional

260,684 (23.2)

73,042 (20.4)

75,034 (22.1)

4,127 (22.0)

Distant

573,501 (51.0)

202,024 (56.5)

86,151 (38.0)

4,844 (38.8)

Unstaged

67,330 (6.0)

11,191 (3.1)

10,018 (4.4)

262 (2.1)

Grade differentiation (%)

Well

49,946 (4.4)

20,356 (5.7)

5,284 (2.3)

124 (1.0)

< 0.001

Moderate

151,654 (13.5)

63,230 (17.7)

57,028 (25.1)

2,445 (19.6)

Poor

310,089 (27.6)

93,380 (26.1)

74,361 (32.8)

5,614 (44.9)

Unknown

612,503 (54.5)

180,307 (50.5)

90,101 (39.7)

4,315 (34.5)

Surgery (%)

Yes

260,926 (23.2)

92,593 (25.9)

62,602 (27.6)

6,247 (50.0)

< 0.001

863,266 (76.8)

264,680 (74.1)

164,172 (72.4)

6,251 (50.0)

Chemotherapy (%)

Yes

433,894 (38.6)

146,491 (41.0)

80,278 (35.4)

4,284 (34.3)

< 0.001

690,298 (61.4)

210,782 (59.0)

146,496 (64.6)

8,214 (65.7)

Radiotherapy (%)

Yes

430,333 (38.3)

140,587 (39.4)

106,011 (46.7)

4,491 (35.9)

< 0.001

693,859 (61.7)

216,686 (60.6)

120,763 (53.3)

8,007 (64.1)

Incidence rate (95% CI)

All

565 (564 - 566)

179 (178 - 180)

109.5 (109.0 - 110.0)

5.9 (5.8 - 6.0)

Male

675 (673 - 677)

198 (197 - 199)

155.6 (154.8 - 156.5)

7.4 (7.2 - 7.6)

Female

482 (481 - 484)

165 (164 - 166)

73.2 (72.7 - 73.8)

4.8 (4.7 - 5.0)

CSS (95% CI)

1-year

47.8 (47.6 - 47.9)

52.9 (52.7 - 53.1)

52.8 (52.5 - 53.1)

57.6 (56.4 - 58.7)

2-year

33.6 (33.5 - 33.8)

38.7 (38.5 - 38.9)

37.3 (37.1 - 37.6)

42.7 (41.5 - 43.8)

5-year

21.7 (21.6 - 21.9)

24.0 (23.8 - 24.2)

24.2 (24.0 - 24.5)

30.0 (28.9 - 31.2)

10-year

16.1 (16.0 - 16.3)

17.1 (16.9 - 17.3)

17.4 (17.2 - 17.7)

22.4 (21.2 - 23.5)

Median (months)

10.9

13.7

13.5

16.6

RS (95% CI)

1-year

44.2 (44.1 - 44.3)

50.0 (49.8 - 50.2)

48.7 (48.5 - 49.0)

54.4 (53.3 - 55.5)

2-year

29.7 (29.6 - 29.8)

35.3 (35.1 - 35.5)

32.4 (32.2 - 32.7)

38.6 (37.5 - 39.7)

5-year

16.8 (16.7 - 16.9)

19.5 (19.4 - 19.7)

17.5 (17.3 - 17.8)

23.2 (22.2 - 24.2)

10-year

9.5 (9.4 - 9.5)

11.0 (10.8 - 11.1)

8.4 (8.2 - 8.6)

13.0 (12.1 - 13.9)

Median (months)

9.4

12.0

11.4

14.3

**Table 2.** Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Lung Cancer
Lung	Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma	Adenosquamous vs. squamous
P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: sex (Male), race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.
Adenosquamous histology	0.87 (0.85 - 0.89)	1.14 (1.11 - 1.16)	0.84 (0.82 - 0.86)	1.08 (1.05 - 1.10)
Age (per 10 years)	1.051 (1.047 - 1.055)	1.067 (1.062 - 1.071)	1.08 (1.07 - 1.09)	1.05 (1.04 - 1.06)
Sex
Female	0.78 (0.77 - 0.79)	0.81 (0.80 - 0.82)	0.87 (0.86 - 0.88)	0.88 (0.87 - 0.89)
Race
Black	1.08 (1.07 - 1.10)	0.97 (0.96 - 0.99)	1.16 (1.14 - 1.18)	1.00 (0.99 - 1.02)^a
Other	0.93 (0.91 - 0.94)	0.77 (0.76 - 0.78)	1.10 (1.08 - 1.13)	0.95 (0.93 - 0.97)
Detection stage
Regional	2.16 (2.13 - 2.19)	2.28 (2.25 - 2.32)	2.00 (1.97 - 2.03)	2.03 (2.00 - 2.06)
Distant	6.05 (5.97 - 6.13)	4.79 (4.72 - 4.86)	4.76 (4.69 - 4.83)	3.65 (3.59 - 3.71)
Unstaged	3.56 (3.47 - 3.52)	2.31 (2.25 - 2.37)	2.96 (2.86 - 3.04)	1.84 (1.79 - 1.89)
Grade differentiation
Moderate	1.42 (1.39 - 1.45)	1.36 (1.32 - 1.39)	0.87 (0.84 - 0.90)	0.96 (0.93 - 1.00)^a
Poor	2.46 (2.41 - 2.51)	1.73 (1.69 - 1.77)	1.05 (1.01 - 1.09)	1.04 (1.00 - 1.07)
Unknown	3.26 (3.19 - 3.33)	1.41 (1.38 - 1.44)	1.48 (1.43 - 1.53)	0.93 (0.90 - 0.97)
Surgery (yes)	0.244 (0.241 - 0.247)	0.395 (0.389 - 0.400)	0.267 (0.263 - 0.270)	0.319 (0.314 - 0.324)
Chemotherapy (yes)	1.33 (1.32 - 1.34)	0.635 (0.629 - 0.641)	1.16 (1.15 - 1.18)	0.66 (0.65 - 0.67)
Radiotherapy (yes)	1.45 (1.44 - 1.46)	1.03 (1.02 - 1.04)	1.42 (1.41 - 1.44)	0.89 (0.88 - 0.90)

Table 2. Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Lung Cancer

Lung

Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous vs. squamous

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: sex (Male), race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.

Adenosquamous histology

0.87 (0.85 - 0.89)

1.14 (1.11 - 1.16)

0.84 (0.82 - 0.86)

1.08 (1.05 - 1.10)

Age (per 10 years)

1.051 (1.047 - 1.055)

1.067 (1.062 - 1.071)

1.08 (1.07 - 1.09)

1.05 (1.04 - 1.06)

Sex

Female

0.78 (0.77 - 0.79)

0.81 (0.80 - 0.82)

0.87 (0.86 - 0.88)

0.88 (0.87 - 0.89)

Race

Black

1.08 (1.07 - 1.10)

0.97 (0.96 - 0.99)

1.16 (1.14 - 1.18)

1.00 (0.99 - 1.02)^a

Other

0.93 (0.91 - 0.94)

0.77 (0.76 - 0.78)

1.10 (1.08 - 1.13)

0.95 (0.93 - 0.97)

Detection stage

Regional

2.16 (2.13 - 2.19)

2.28 (2.25 - 2.32)

2.00 (1.97 - 2.03)

2.03 (2.00 - 2.06)

Distant

6.05 (5.97 - 6.13)

4.79 (4.72 - 4.86)

4.76 (4.69 - 4.83)

3.65 (3.59 - 3.71)

Unstaged

3.56 (3.47 - 3.52)

2.31 (2.25 - 2.37)

2.96 (2.86 - 3.04)

1.84 (1.79 - 1.89)

Grade differentiation

Moderate

1.42 (1.39 - 1.45)

1.36 (1.32 - 1.39)

0.87 (0.84 - 0.90)

0.96 (0.93 - 1.00)^a

Poor

2.46 (2.41 - 2.51)

1.73 (1.69 - 1.77)

1.05 (1.01 - 1.09)

1.04 (1.00 - 1.07)

Unknown

3.26 (3.19 - 3.33)

1.41 (1.38 - 1.44)

1.48 (1.43 - 1.53)

0.93 (0.90 - 0.97)

Surgery (yes)

0.244 (0.241 - 0.247)

0.395 (0.389 - 0.400)

0.267 (0.263 - 0.270)

0.319 (0.314 - 0.324)

Chemotherapy (yes)

1.33 (1.32 - 1.34)

0.635 (0.629 - 0.641)

1.16 (1.15 - 1.18)

0.66 (0.65 - 0.67)

Radiotherapy (yes)

1.45 (1.44 - 1.46)

1.03 (1.02 - 1.04)

1.42 (1.41 - 1.44)

0.89 (0.88 - 0.90)

**Table 3.** Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Uterine/Cervical Cancer by Histology
Uterus/cervix	All	Adenocarcinoma	Squamous	Adenosquamous	P value
P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
N (%)	400,543 (100.0)	74,765 (18.7)	64,391 (16.1)	7,206 (1.8)
Age (years) (%)
0 - 14	43 (< 1)	1 (< 1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
15 - 29	7,539 (1.9)	886 (1.2)	4,034 (6.3)	217 (3.0)
30 - 49	83,563 (20.9)	14,070 (18.8)	29,498 (45.8)	2,345 (32.5)
50 - 69	209,049 (52.2)	39,016 (52.2)	22,344 (34.7)	3,174 (44.0)
70 - 89	100,349 (25.1)	20,792 (27.8)	8,515 (13.2)	1,470 (20.4)
Mean (SD)	59.6 (13.9)	60.8 (13.5)	50.4 (15.3)	55.7 (15.1)	< 0.001
Median	60	62	49	56
Race (%)
White	326,288 (81.5)	65,547 (87.7)	48,509 (75.3)	5,945 (82.5)	< 0.001
Black	37,776 (9.4)	3,891 (5.2)	9,112 (14.2)	568 (7.9)
Other	36,479 (9.1)	5,327 (7.1)	6,770 (10.5)	693 (9.6)
Detection stage (%)
Localized	258,276 (64.5)	55,762 (74.6)	29,930 (46.5)	3,752 (52.1)	< 0.001
Regional	83,626 (20.9)	9,809 (13.1)	24,731 (38.4)	2,156 (29.9)
Distant	42,433 (10.6)	5,786 (7.7)	7,266 (11.3)	1,077 (14.9)
Unstaged	16,208 (4.0)	3,408 (4.6)	2,464 (3.8)	221 (3.1)
Grade differentiation (%)
Well	115,050 (28.7)	28,758 (38.5)	3,556 (5.5)	568 (7.9)	< 0.001
Moderate	98,038 (24.5)	22,567 (30.2)	17,940 (27.9)	1,886 (26.2)
Poor	91,240 (22.8)	12,950 (17.3)	18,407 (28.6)	3,203 (44.4)
Unknown	96,215 (24.0)	10,490 (14.0)	24,488 (38.0)	1,549 (21.5)
Surgery (%)
Yes	333,390 (83.2)	63,980 (85.6)	34,884 (54.2)	5,678 (78.8)	< 0.001
No	67,153 (16.8)	10,785 (14.4)	29,507 (45.8)	1,528 (21.2)
Chemotherapy (%)
Yes	83,350 (20.8)	6,778 (9.1)	23,795 (37.0)	1,872 (26.0)	< 0.001
No	317,193 (79.2)	67,987 (90.0)	40,596 (63.0)	5,334 (74.0)
Radiotherapy (%)
Yes	136,342 (34.0)	24,045 (32.2)	36,777 (57.1)	4,037 (56.0)	< 0.001
No	264,201 (66.0)	50,720 (67.8)	27,614 (42.9)	3,169 (44.0)
Incidence rate (95% CI)					-
All	175 (174 - 176)	17.1 (17.0 - 17.4)	26.6 (26.4 - 26.8)	2.27 (2.20 - 2.35)
Female	331 (330 - 332)	32.6 (32.2 - 33.0)	51.7 (51.3 - 52.2)	4.39 (4.26 - 4.53)
CSS (95% CI)					-
1-year	91.3 (91.2 - 91.4)	90.4 (90.1 - 90.8)	88.3 (88.0 - 88.6)	87.0 (85.9 - 88.1)
2-year	85.9 (85.7 - 86.0)	85.7 (85.3 - 86.2)	79.5 (79.1 - 79.9)	78.8 (77.4 - 80.1)
5-year	79.0 (78.9 - 79.2)	80.4 (79.9 - 80.9)	70.7 (70.2 - 71.1)	69.5 (67.9 - 71.1)
10-year	75.6 (75.4 - 75.8)	77.7 (77.2 - 78.2)	67.0 (66.5 - 67.5)	65.9 (64.2 - 67.6)
Median (months)	-	-	-	-
RS (95% CI)					-
1-year	89.6 (89.5 - 89.7)	88.4 (88.0 - 88.8)	86.7 (86.4 - 87.0)	85.8 (84.6 - 86.9)
2-year	83.1 (83.0 - 83.3)	82.6 (82.2 - 83.1)	76.8 (76.4 - 77.3)	76.6 (75.1 - 77.9)
5-year	73.3 (73.1 - 73.4)	74.2 (73.6 - 74.7)	65.5 (65.0 - 66.0)	64.9 (63.2 - 66.5)
10-year	63.9 (63.7 - 64.1)	65.6 (65.0 - 66.2)	57.9 (57.3 - 58.4)	56.8 (55.0 - 58.5)
Median (months)	-	-	-	-

Table 3. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Uterine/Cervical Cancer by Histology

Uterus/cervix

All

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous

Adenosquamous

P value

N (%)

400,543 (100.0)

74,765 (18.7)

64,391 (16.1)

7,206 (1.8)

Age (years) (%)

0 - 14

43 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

15 - 29

7,539 (1.9)

886 (1.2)

4,034 (6.3)

217 (3.0)

30 - 49

83,563 (20.9)

14,070 (18.8)

29,498 (45.8)

2,345 (32.5)

50 - 69

209,049 (52.2)

39,016 (52.2)

22,344 (34.7)

3,174 (44.0)

70 - 89

100,349 (25.1)

20,792 (27.8)

8,515 (13.2)

1,470 (20.4)

Mean (SD)

59.6 (13.9)

60.8 (13.5)

50.4 (15.3)

55.7 (15.1)

< 0.001

Median

Race (%)

White

326,288 (81.5)

65,547 (87.7)

48,509 (75.3)

5,945 (82.5)

< 0.001

Black

37,776 (9.4)

3,891 (5.2)

9,112 (14.2)

568 (7.9)

Other

36,479 (9.1)

5,327 (7.1)

6,770 (10.5)

693 (9.6)

Detection stage (%)

Localized

258,276 (64.5)

55,762 (74.6)

29,930 (46.5)

3,752 (52.1)

< 0.001

Regional

83,626 (20.9)

9,809 (13.1)

24,731 (38.4)

2,156 (29.9)

Distant

42,433 (10.6)

5,786 (7.7)

7,266 (11.3)

1,077 (14.9)

Unstaged

16,208 (4.0)

3,408 (4.6)

2,464 (3.8)

221 (3.1)

Grade differentiation (%)

Well

115,050 (28.7)

28,758 (38.5)

3,556 (5.5)

568 (7.9)

< 0.001

Moderate

98,038 (24.5)

22,567 (30.2)

17,940 (27.9)

1,886 (26.2)

Poor

91,240 (22.8)

12,950 (17.3)

18,407 (28.6)

3,203 (44.4)

Unknown

96,215 (24.0)

10,490 (14.0)

24,488 (38.0)

1,549 (21.5)

Surgery (%)

Yes

333,390 (83.2)

63,980 (85.6)

34,884 (54.2)

5,678 (78.8)

< 0.001

67,153 (16.8)

10,785 (14.4)

29,507 (45.8)

1,528 (21.2)

Chemotherapy (%)

Yes

83,350 (20.8)

6,778 (9.1)

23,795 (37.0)

1,872 (26.0)

< 0.001

317,193 (79.2)

67,987 (90.0)

40,596 (63.0)

5,334 (74.0)

Radiotherapy (%)

Yes

136,342 (34.0)

24,045 (32.2)

36,777 (57.1)

4,037 (56.0)

< 0.001

264,201 (66.0)

50,720 (67.8)

27,614 (42.9)

3,169 (44.0)

Incidence rate (95% CI)

All

175 (174 - 176)

17.1 (17.0 - 17.4)

26.6 (26.4 - 26.8)

2.27 (2.20 - 2.35)

Female

331 (330 - 332)

32.6 (32.2 - 33.0)

51.7 (51.3 - 52.2)

4.39 (4.26 - 4.53)

CSS (95% CI)

1-year

91.3 (91.2 - 91.4)

90.4 (90.1 - 90.8)

88.3 (88.0 - 88.6)

87.0 (85.9 - 88.1)

2-year

85.9 (85.7 - 86.0)

85.7 (85.3 - 86.2)

79.5 (79.1 - 79.9)

78.8 (77.4 - 80.1)

5-year

79.0 (78.9 - 79.2)

80.4 (79.9 - 80.9)

70.7 (70.2 - 71.1)

69.5 (67.9 - 71.1)

10-year

75.6 (75.4 - 75.8)

77.7 (77.2 - 78.2)

67.0 (66.5 - 67.5)

65.9 (64.2 - 67.6)

Median (months)

RS (95% CI)

1-year

89.6 (89.5 - 89.7)

88.4 (88.0 - 88.8)

86.7 (86.4 - 87.0)

85.8 (84.6 - 86.9)

2-year

83.1 (83.0 - 83.3)

82.6 (82.2 - 83.1)

76.8 (76.4 - 77.3)

76.6 (75.1 - 77.9)

5-year

73.3 (73.1 - 73.4)

74.2 (73.6 - 74.7)

65.5 (65.0 - 66.0)

64.9 (63.2 - 66.5)

10-year

63.9 (63.7 - 64.1)

65.6 (65.0 - 66.2)

57.9 (57.3 - 58.4)

56.8 (55.0 - 58.5)

Median (months)

**Table 4.** Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Uterine/Cervical Cancer
Uterus/cervix	Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma	Adenosquamous vs. squamous
P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.
Adenosquamous histology	1.99 (1.90 - 2.08)	1.06 (1.01 - 1.11)	1.02 (0.97 - 1.06)^a	1.18 (1.13 - 1.23)
Age (per 10 years)	1.36 (1.34 - 1.38)	1.34 (1.32 - 1.35)	1.29 (1.28 - 1.30)	1.12 (1.11 - 1.14)
Race
Black	2.56 (2.43 - 2.70)	1.49 (1.41 - 1.57)	1.36 (1.31 - 1.41)	1.20 (1.15 - 1.24)
Other	1.04 (0.98 - 1.10)^a	1.00 (0.94 - 1.06)^a	0.89 (0.85 - 0.93)	0.82 (0.78 - 0.86)
Detection stage
Regional	5.11 (4.91 - 5.32)	3.02 (2.89 - 3.16)	4.93 (4.75 - 5.12)	3.24 (3.10 - 3.39)
Distant	19.5 (18.7 - 20.2)	8.79 (8.38 - 9.22)	16.8 (16.1 - 17.5)	10.6 (10.1 - 11.1)
Unstaged	4.35 (4.07 - 4.65)	2.07 (1.92 - 2.22)	4.85 (4.53 - 5.20)	2.96 (2.75 - 3.18)
Grade differentiation
Moderate	2.43 (2.31 - 2.56)	1.77 (1.68 - 1.87)	1.77 (1.64 - 1.92)	1.26 (1.16 - 1.36)
Poor	7.76 (7.39 - 8.15)	3.50 (3.31 - 3.69)	2.57 (2.38 - 2.77)	1.56 (1.45 - 1.69)
Unknown	4.71 (4.45 - 4.97)	2.21 (2.08 - 2.34)	1.51 (1.40 - 1.64)	1.12 (1.04 - 1.21)
Surgery (yes)	0.162 (0.156 - 0.167)	0.35 (0.34 - 0.37)	0.233 (0.227 - 0.240)	0.44 (0.43 - 0.46)
Chemotherapy (yes)	5.15 (4.97 - 5.34)	1.25 (1.20 - 1.31)	2.24 (2.17 - 2.30)	0.84 (0.82 - 0.87)
Radiotherapy (yes)	2.41 (2.33 - 2.48)	1.04 (1.00 - 1.07)	3.13 (3.03 - 3.23)	1.02 (0.98 - 1.06)

Table 4. Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Uterine/Cervical Cancer

Uterus/cervix

Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous vs. squamous

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.

Adenosquamous histology

1.99 (1.90 - 2.08)

1.06 (1.01 - 1.11)

1.02 (0.97 - 1.06)^a

1.18 (1.13 - 1.23)

Age (per 10 years)

1.36 (1.34 - 1.38)

1.34 (1.32 - 1.35)

1.29 (1.28 - 1.30)

1.12 (1.11 - 1.14)

Race

Black

2.56 (2.43 - 2.70)

1.49 (1.41 - 1.57)

1.36 (1.31 - 1.41)

1.20 (1.15 - 1.24)

Other

1.04 (0.98 - 1.10)^a

1.00 (0.94 - 1.06)^a

0.89 (0.85 - 0.93)

0.82 (0.78 - 0.86)

Detection stage

Regional

5.11 (4.91 - 5.32)

3.02 (2.89 - 3.16)

4.93 (4.75 - 5.12)

3.24 (3.10 - 3.39)

Distant

19.5 (18.7 - 20.2)

8.79 (8.38 - 9.22)

16.8 (16.1 - 17.5)

10.6 (10.1 - 11.1)

Unstaged

4.35 (4.07 - 4.65)

2.07 (1.92 - 2.22)

4.85 (4.53 - 5.20)

2.96 (2.75 - 3.18)

Grade differentiation

Moderate

2.43 (2.31 - 2.56)

1.77 (1.68 - 1.87)

1.77 (1.64 - 1.92)

1.26 (1.16 - 1.36)

Poor

7.76 (7.39 - 8.15)

3.50 (3.31 - 3.69)

2.57 (2.38 - 2.77)

1.56 (1.45 - 1.69)

Unknown

4.71 (4.45 - 4.97)

2.21 (2.08 - 2.34)

1.51 (1.40 - 1.64)

1.12 (1.04 - 1.21)

Surgery (yes)

0.162 (0.156 - 0.167)

0.35 (0.34 - 0.37)

0.233 (0.227 - 0.240)

0.44 (0.43 - 0.46)

Chemotherapy (yes)

5.15 (4.97 - 5.34)

1.25 (1.20 - 1.31)

2.24 (2.17 - 2.30)

0.84 (0.82 - 0.87)

Radiotherapy (yes)

2.41 (2.33 - 2.48)

1.04 (1.00 - 1.07)

3.13 (3.03 - 3.23)

1.02 (0.98 - 1.06)

**Table 5.** Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Pancreatic Cancer by Histology
Pancreas	All	Adenocarcinoma	Squamous	Adenosquamous	P value
P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
N (%)	250,034 (100.0)	149,409 (59.8)	530 (0.2)	1,273 (0.5)
Age (years) (%)
0 - 14	94 (< 1)	1 (< 1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.66
15 - 29	696 (0.3)	94 (0.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
30 - 49	14,416 (5.8)	7,915 (5.3)	33 (6.2)	70 (5.5)
50 - 69	105,829 (42.3)	68,078 (45.6)	220 (41.5)	564 (44.3)
70 - 89	128,999 (51.6)	73,321 (49.1)	277 (52.3)	639 (50.2)
Mean (SD)	68.9 (11.8)	68.4 (11.1)	68.6 (11.5)	68.4 (10.5)	0.91
Median	70	69	70	70
Sex (%)
Male	128,060 (51.2)	77,717 (52.0)	282 (53.2)	671 (52.7)	0.76
Female	121,974 (48.8)	71,692 (48.0)	248 (46.8)	602 (47.3)
Race (%)
White	203,422 (81.4)	121,475 (81.3)	403 (76.0)	1,027 (80.7)	0.032
Black	26,897 (10.8)	16,531 (11.1)	74 (14.0)	140 (11.0)
Other	19,715 (7.9)	11,403 (7.6)	53 (10.0)	106 (8.3)
Detection stage (%)
Localized	26,418 (10.6)	11,737 (7.9)	30 (5.7)	112 (8.8)	< 0.001
Regional	68,912 (27.6)	43,426 (29.1)	133 (25.1)	488 (38.3)
Distant	129,160 (51.7)	86,543 (57.9)	329 (62.1)	632 (49.6)
Unstaged	25,544 (10.2)	7,703 (5.2)	38 (7.2)	41 (3.2)
Grade differentiation (%)
Well	14,289 (5.7)	5,895 (3.9)	14 (2.6)	6 (0.5)	< 0.001
Moderate	31,406 (12.6)	19,930 (13.3)	42 (7.9)	148 (11.6)
Poor	34,609 (13.8)	22,413 (15.0)	163 (30.8)	429 (33.7)
Unknown	169,730 (67.9)	101,171 (67.7)	311 (58.7)	690 (54.2)
Surgery (%)
Yes	44,939 (18.0)	19,802 (13.3)	45 (8.5)	461 (36.2)	< 0.001
No	205,095 (82.0)	129,607 (86.7)	485 (91.5)	812 (63.8)
Chemotherapy (%)
Yes	105,126 (42.0)	75,021 (50.2)	219 (41.3)	703 (55.2)	< 0.001
No	144,908 (58.0)	74,388 (49.2)	311 (58.7)	570 (44.8)
Radiotherapy (%)
Yes	34,417 (13.8)	24,021 (16.1)	86 (16.2)	207 (16.3)	0.98
No	215,617 (86.2)	125,388 (83.9)	444 (83.8)	1,066 (83.7)
Incidence rate (95% CI)					-
All	123.6 (123.1 - 124.1)	71.2 (70.9 - 71.7)	0.23 (0.21 - 0.25)	0.63 (0.59 - 0.66)
Male	140.3 (139.4 - 141.1)	82.1 (81.5 - 82.8)	0.28 (0.24 - 0.32)	0.73 (0.67 - 0.79)
Female	109.7 (109.1 - 110.4)	62.3 (61.8 - 62.8)	0.19 (0.16 - 0.22)	0.54 (0.50 - 0.59)
CSS (95% CI)					-
1-year	32.0 (31.8 - 32.2)	28.0 (27.7 - 28.3)	17.7 (13.5 - 22.4)	27.7 (24.7 - 30.8)
2-year	17.6 (17.4 - 17.8)	11.5 (11.3 - 11.7)	7.2 (4.5 - 10.7)	13.4 (11.1 - 16.0)
5-year	9.6 (9.4 - 9.7)	3.9 (3.8 - 4.0)	3.3 (1.6 - 6.2)	6.7 (4.9 - 8.8)
10-year	7.3 (7.1 - 7.4)	2.6 (2.5 - 2.7)	3.3 (1.6 - 6.2)	4.7 (3.0 - 7.0)
Median (months)	5.9	5.7	3.7	5.9
RS (95% CI)					-
1-year	30.3 (30.0 - 30.5)	26.6 (26.3 - 26.9)	16.4 (12.5 - 20.9)	26.5 (23.6 - 29.5)
2-year	16.1 (16.0 - 16.3)	10.5 (10.4 - 10.7)	6.4 (4.0 - 9.7)	12.4 (10.2 - 14.8)
5-year	8.1 (7.9 - 8.2)	3.3 (3.1 - 3.4)	2.7 (1.2 - 5.2)	5.7 (4.1 - 7.6)
10-year	5.1 (5.0 - 5.3)	1.7 (1.6 - 1.9)	2.7 (1.2 - 5.2)	3.2 (1.9 - 5.1)
Median (months)	5.4	5.4	3.6	5.7

Table 5. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Pancreatic Cancer by Histology

Pancreas

All

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous

Adenosquamous

P value

N (%)

250,034 (100.0)

149,409 (59.8)

530 (0.2)

1,273 (0.5)

Age (years) (%)

0 - 14

94 (< 1)

1 (< 1)

0 (0.0)

0.66

15 - 29

696 (0.3)

94 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

30 - 49

14,416 (5.8)

7,915 (5.3)

33 (6.2)

70 (5.5)

50 - 69

105,829 (42.3)

68,078 (45.6)

220 (41.5)

564 (44.3)

70 - 89

128,999 (51.6)

73,321 (49.1)

277 (52.3)

639 (50.2)

Mean (SD)

68.9 (11.8)

68.4 (11.1)

68.6 (11.5)

68.4 (10.5)

0.91

Median

Sex (%)

Male

128,060 (51.2)

77,717 (52.0)

282 (53.2)

671 (52.7)

0.76

Female

121,974 (48.8)

71,692 (48.0)

248 (46.8)

602 (47.3)

Race (%)

White

203,422 (81.4)

121,475 (81.3)

403 (76.0)

1,027 (80.7)

0.032

Black

26,897 (10.8)

16,531 (11.1)

74 (14.0)

140 (11.0)

Other

19,715 (7.9)

11,403 (7.6)

53 (10.0)

106 (8.3)

Detection stage (%)

Localized

26,418 (10.6)

11,737 (7.9)

30 (5.7)

112 (8.8)

< 0.001

Regional

68,912 (27.6)

43,426 (29.1)

133 (25.1)

488 (38.3)

Distant

129,160 (51.7)

86,543 (57.9)

329 (62.1)

632 (49.6)

Unstaged

25,544 (10.2)

7,703 (5.2)

38 (7.2)

41 (3.2)

Grade differentiation (%)

Well

14,289 (5.7)

5,895 (3.9)

14 (2.6)

6 (0.5)

< 0.001

Moderate

31,406 (12.6)

19,930 (13.3)

42 (7.9)

148 (11.6)

Poor

34,609 (13.8)

22,413 (15.0)

163 (30.8)

429 (33.7)

Unknown

169,730 (67.9)

101,171 (67.7)

311 (58.7)

690 (54.2)

Surgery (%)

Yes

44,939 (18.0)

19,802 (13.3)

45 (8.5)

461 (36.2)

< 0.001

205,095 (82.0)

129,607 (86.7)

485 (91.5)

812 (63.8)

Chemotherapy (%)

Yes

105,126 (42.0)

75,021 (50.2)

219 (41.3)

703 (55.2)

< 0.001

144,908 (58.0)

74,388 (49.2)

311 (58.7)

570 (44.8)

Radiotherapy (%)

Yes

34,417 (13.8)

24,021 (16.1)

86 (16.2)

207 (16.3)

0.98

215,617 (86.2)

125,388 (83.9)

444 (83.8)

1,066 (83.7)

Incidence rate (95% CI)

All

123.6 (123.1 - 124.1)

71.2 (70.9 - 71.7)

0.23 (0.21 - 0.25)

0.63 (0.59 - 0.66)

Male

140.3 (139.4 - 141.1)

82.1 (81.5 - 82.8)

0.28 (0.24 - 0.32)

0.73 (0.67 - 0.79)

Female

109.7 (109.1 - 110.4)

62.3 (61.8 - 62.8)

0.19 (0.16 - 0.22)

0.54 (0.50 - 0.59)

CSS (95% CI)

1-year

32.0 (31.8 - 32.2)

28.0 (27.7 - 28.3)

17.7 (13.5 - 22.4)

27.7 (24.7 - 30.8)

2-year

17.6 (17.4 - 17.8)

11.5 (11.3 - 11.7)

7.2 (4.5 - 10.7)

13.4 (11.1 - 16.0)

5-year

9.6 (9.4 - 9.7)

3.9 (3.8 - 4.0)

3.3 (1.6 - 6.2)

6.7 (4.9 - 8.8)

10-year

7.3 (7.1 - 7.4)

2.6 (2.5 - 2.7)

3.3 (1.6 - 6.2)

4.7 (3.0 - 7.0)

Median (months)

5.9

5.7

3.7

5.9

RS (95% CI)

1-year

30.3 (30.0 - 30.5)

26.6 (26.3 - 26.9)

16.4 (12.5 - 20.9)

26.5 (23.6 - 29.5)

2-year

16.1 (16.0 - 16.3)

10.5 (10.4 - 10.7)

6.4 (4.0 - 9.7)

12.4 (10.2 - 14.8)

5-year

8.1 (7.9 - 8.2)

3.3 (3.1 - 3.4)

2.7 (1.2 - 5.2)

5.7 (4.1 - 7.6)

10-year

5.1 (5.0 - 5.3)

1.7 (1.6 - 1.9)

2.7 (1.2 - 5.2)

3.2 (1.9 - 5.1)

Median (months)

5.4

3.6

5.7

**Table 6.** Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreas	Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma	Adenosquamous vs. squamous
P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: sex (Male), race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.
Adenosquamous histology	0.97 (0.91 - 1.03)^a	1.25 (1.18 - 1.34)	0.77 (0.68 - 0.86)	1.16 (1.02 - 1.31)
Age (per 10 years)	1.116 (1.110 - 1.122)	1.084 (1.079 - 1.091)	1.13 (1.08 - 1.19)	1.11 (1.06 - 1.17)
Sex
Female	0.98 (0.97 - 0.99)	0.96 (0.95 - 0.97)	0.96 (0.86 - 1.07)^a	1.01 (0.91 - 1.12)
Race
Black	1.05 (1.03 - 1.07)	1.05 (1.03 - 1.07)	1.18 (1.00 - 1.39)	1.16 (0.98 - 1.38)^a
Other	0.97 (0.95 - 0.99)	0.94 (0.92 - 0.96)	0.88 (0.73 - 1.08)^a	0.95 (0.78 - 1.16)^a
Detection stage
Regional	1.06 (1.03 - 1.08)	1.32 (1.29 - 1.36)	1.07 (0.86 - 1.34)^a	1.43 (1.14 - 1.79)
Distant	2.16 (2.11 - 2.21)	2.16 (2.11 - 2.21)	2.40 (1.94 - 2.98)	2.03 (1.63 - 2.54)
Unstaged	1.54 (1.49 - 1.60)	1.15 (1.11 - 1.19)	1.67 (1.21 - 2.30)	0.91 (0.65 - 1.27)^a
Grade differentiation
Moderate	1.06 (1.03 - 1.10)	1.26 (1.22 - 1.30)	0.72 (0.42 - 1.23)^a	1.01 (0.58 - 1.73)^a
Poor	1.48 (1.43 - 1.53)	1.57 (1.52 - 1.62)	0.91 (0.55 - 1.53)	1.11 (0.65 - 1.87)^a
Unknown	1.60 (1.55 - 1.64)	1.25 (1.21 - 1.29)	1.41 (0.85 - 2.35)	1.17 (0.70 - 1.98)^a
Surgery (yes)	0.36 (0.35 - 0.37)	0.43 (0.42 - 0.44)	0.32 (0.28 - 0.37)	0.36 (0.31 - 0.43)
Chemotherapy (yes)	0.56 (0.55 - 0.57)	0.525 (0.518 - 0.532)	0.55 (0.50 - 0.62)	0.52 (0.46 - 0.58)
Radiotherapy (yes)	0.61 (0.60 - 0.62)	0.93 (0.91 - 0.94)	0.66 (0.57 - 0.76)	0.88 (0.76 - 1.10)^a

Table 6. Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreas

Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous vs. squamous

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Adenosquamous histology

0.97 (0.91 - 1.03)^a

1.25 (1.18 - 1.34)

0.77 (0.68 - 0.86)

1.16 (1.02 - 1.31)

Age (per 10 years)

1.116 (1.110 - 1.122)

1.084 (1.079 - 1.091)

1.13 (1.08 - 1.19)

1.11 (1.06 - 1.17)

Sex

Female

0.98 (0.97 - 0.99)

0.96 (0.95 - 0.97)

0.96 (0.86 - 1.07)^a

1.01 (0.91 - 1.12)

Race

Black

1.05 (1.03 - 1.07)

1.18 (1.00 - 1.39)

1.16 (0.98 - 1.38)^a

Other

0.97 (0.95 - 0.99)

0.94 (0.92 - 0.96)

0.88 (0.73 - 1.08)^a

0.95 (0.78 - 1.16)^a

Detection stage

Regional

1.06 (1.03 - 1.08)

1.32 (1.29 - 1.36)

1.07 (0.86 - 1.34)^a

1.43 (1.14 - 1.79)

Distant

2.16 (2.11 - 2.21)

2.40 (1.94 - 2.98)

2.03 (1.63 - 2.54)

Unstaged

1.54 (1.49 - 1.60)

1.15 (1.11 - 1.19)

1.67 (1.21 - 2.30)

0.91 (0.65 - 1.27)^a

Grade differentiation

Moderate

1.06 (1.03 - 1.10)

1.26 (1.22 - 1.30)

0.72 (0.42 - 1.23)^a

1.01 (0.58 - 1.73)^a

Poor

1.48 (1.43 - 1.53)

1.57 (1.52 - 1.62)

0.91 (0.55 - 1.53)

1.11 (0.65 - 1.87)^a

Unknown

1.60 (1.55 - 1.64)

1.25 (1.21 - 1.29)

1.41 (0.85 - 2.35)

1.17 (0.70 - 1.98)^a

Surgery (yes)

0.36 (0.35 - 0.37)

0.43 (0.42 - 0.44)

0.32 (0.28 - 0.37)

0.36 (0.31 - 0.43)

Chemotherapy (yes)

0.56 (0.55 - 0.57)

0.525 (0.518 - 0.532)

0.55 (0.50 - 0.62)

0.52 (0.46 - 0.58)

Radiotherapy (yes)

0.61 (0.60 - 0.62)

0.93 (0.91 - 0.94)

0.66 (0.57 - 0.76)

0.88 (0.76 - 1.10)^a

**Table 7.** Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Oral Cavity Cancer by Histology
Oral cavity	All	Adenocarcinoma	Squamous	Adenosquamous	P value
P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
N (%)	249,224 (100.0)	3,863 (1.6)	199,190 (79.9)	888 (0.4)
Age (years) (%)
0 - 14	677 (0.3)	9 (0.2)	58 (< 1)	4 (0.5)	< 0.001
15 - 29	3,502 (1.4)	65 (1.7)	1,174 (0.6)	15 (1.7)
30 - 49	34,002 (3.6)	557 (14.4)	24,397 (12.2)	114 (12.8)
50 - 69	134,349 (53.9)	1,750 (45.3)	111,842 (56.1)	419 (47.2)
70 - 89	76,694 (30.8)	1,482 (38.4)	61,719 (31.0)	336 (37.8)
Mean (SD)	62.4 (13.4)	63.8 (14.5)	63.1 (31.0)	63.7 (14.5)	< 0.001
Median	63	65	63	66
Sex (%)
Male	173,732 (69.7)	2,240 (58.0)	144,537 (72.6)	472 (53.2)	< 0.001
Female	75,492 (30.3)	1,623 (42.0)	54,653 (27.4)	416 (46.8)
Race (%)
White	209,572 (84.1)	3,195 (82.7)	170,640 (85.7)	731 (82.3)	< 0.001
Black	20,512 (8.2)	390 (10.1)	15,952 (8.0)	84 (9.5)
Other	19,140 (7.7)	278 (7.2)	12,598 (6.3)	73 (8.2)
Detection stage (%)
Localized	81,048 (32.5)	1,499 (38.8)	60,949 (30.6)	472 (53.2)	< 0.001
Regional	118,479 (47.5)	1,290 (33.4)	100,544 (50.5)	275 (31.0)
Distant	35,025 (14.1)	790 (20.5)	27,525 (13.8)	113 (12.7)
Unstaged	14,672 (5.9)	284 (7.4)	10,172 (5.1)	28 (3.2)
Grade differentiation (%)
Well	32,962 (13.2)	389 (10.1)	27,681 (13.9)	88 (9.9)	< 0.001
Moderate	78,898 (31.7)	942 (24.4)	70,941 (35.6)	185 (20.8)
Poor	61,523 (24.7)	1,340 (34.7)	47,510 (23.9)	225 (25.3)
Unknown	75,841 (30.4)	1,192 (30.9)	53,058 (26.6)	390 (43.9)
Surgery (%)
Yes	143,820 (57.7)	3,013 (78.0)	110,288 (55.4)	746 (84.0)	< 0.001
No	105,404 (42.3)	850 (22.0)	88,902 (44.6)	142 (16.0)
Chemotherapy (%)
Yes	82,274 (33.0)	568 (14.7)	70,643 (35.5)	118 (13.3)	< 0.001
No	166,950 (67.0)	3,295 (85.3)	128,547 (64.5)	770 (86.7)
Radiotherapy (%)
Yes	144,488 (58.0)	1,989 (51.5)	118,348 (59.4)	461 (51.9)	< 0.001
No	104,736 (42.0)	1,874 (48.5)	80,842 (40.6)	427 (48.1)
Incidence rate (95% CI)					-
All	111.1 (110.7 - 111.6)	1.63 (1.57 - 1.69)	87.2 (86.7 - 87.6)	0.44 (0.41 - 0.47)
Male	167.2 (166.3 - 168.0)	2.10 (2.00 - 2.20)	136.3 (135.5 - 137.1)	0.49 (0.44 - 0.54)
Female	62.8 (62.3 - 63.3)	1.26 (1.19 - 1.33)	44.4 (44.0 - 44.8)	0.39 (0.35 - 0.43)
CSS (95% CI)					-
1-year	85.9 (85.7 - 86.1)	87.1 (85.6 - 88.4)	85.0 (84.8 - 85.2)	89.5 (86.7 - 91.8)
2-year	77.5 (77.3 - 77.7)	78.7 (76.9 - 80.4)	75.8 (75.6 - 76.1)	85.3 (82.0 - 88.0)
5-year	68.5 (68.3 - 68.8)	66.8 (64.6 - 68.8)	66.7 (66.4 - 66.9)	78.5 (74.6 - 81.8)
10-year	62.1 (61.8 - 62.4)	61.0 (58.6 - 63.2)	60.1 (59.8 - 60.5)	74.3 (69.8 - 78.1)
Median (months)	-	-	-	-
RS (95% CI)					-
1-year	82.7 (82.5 - 82.9)	85.0 (83.4 - 86.4)	81.6 (81.4 - 81.8)	87.4 (84.4 - 89.8)
2-year	72.6 (72.3 - 72.8)	74.6 (72.7 - 76.4)	70.7 (70.4 - 73.3)	81.4 (77.9 - 84.4)
5-year	58.8 (58.5 - 59.1)	87.8 (56.0 - 60.3)	56.6 (56.3 - 56.9)	70.0 (65.8 - 73.8)
10-year	45.1 (44.8 - 45.4)	76.0 (43.2 - 47.9)	42.4 (42.0 - 42.7)	59.1 (54.2 - 63.6)
Median (months)	96.5	93.0	85.6	-

Table 7. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Oral Cavity Cancer by Histology

Oral cavity

All

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous

Adenosquamous

P value

N (%)

249,224 (100.0)

3,863 (1.6)

199,190 (79.9)

888 (0.4)

Age (years) (%)

0 - 14

677 (0.3)

9 (0.2)

58 (< 1)

4 (0.5)

< 0.001

15 - 29

3,502 (1.4)

65 (1.7)

1,174 (0.6)

15 (1.7)

30 - 49

34,002 (3.6)

557 (14.4)

24,397 (12.2)

114 (12.8)

50 - 69

134,349 (53.9)

1,750 (45.3)

111,842 (56.1)

419 (47.2)

70 - 89

76,694 (30.8)

1,482 (38.4)

61,719 (31.0)

336 (37.8)

Mean (SD)

62.4 (13.4)

63.8 (14.5)

63.1 (31.0)

63.7 (14.5)

< 0.001

Median

Sex (%)

Male

173,732 (69.7)

2,240 (58.0)

144,537 (72.6)

472 (53.2)

< 0.001

Female

75,492 (30.3)

1,623 (42.0)

54,653 (27.4)

416 (46.8)

Race (%)

White

209,572 (84.1)

3,195 (82.7)

170,640 (85.7)

731 (82.3)

< 0.001

Black

20,512 (8.2)

390 (10.1)

15,952 (8.0)

84 (9.5)

Other

19,140 (7.7)

278 (7.2)

12,598 (6.3)

73 (8.2)

Detection stage (%)

Localized

81,048 (32.5)

1,499 (38.8)

60,949 (30.6)

472 (53.2)

< 0.001

Regional

118,479 (47.5)

1,290 (33.4)

100,544 (50.5)

275 (31.0)

Distant

35,025 (14.1)

790 (20.5)

27,525 (13.8)

113 (12.7)

Unstaged

14,672 (5.9)

284 (7.4)

10,172 (5.1)

28 (3.2)

Grade differentiation (%)

Well

32,962 (13.2)

389 (10.1)

27,681 (13.9)

88 (9.9)

< 0.001

Moderate

78,898 (31.7)

942 (24.4)

70,941 (35.6)

185 (20.8)

Poor

61,523 (24.7)

1,340 (34.7)

47,510 (23.9)

225 (25.3)

Unknown

75,841 (30.4)

1,192 (30.9)

53,058 (26.6)

390 (43.9)

Surgery (%)

Yes

143,820 (57.7)

3,013 (78.0)

110,288 (55.4)

746 (84.0)

< 0.001

105,404 (42.3)

850 (22.0)

88,902 (44.6)

142 (16.0)

Chemotherapy (%)

Yes

82,274 (33.0)

568 (14.7)

70,643 (35.5)

118 (13.3)

< 0.001

166,950 (67.0)

3,295 (85.3)

128,547 (64.5)

770 (86.7)

Radiotherapy (%)

Yes

144,488 (58.0)

1,989 (51.5)

118,348 (59.4)

461 (51.9)

< 0.001

104,736 (42.0)

1,874 (48.5)

80,842 (40.6)

427 (48.1)

Incidence rate (95% CI)

All

111.1 (110.7 - 111.6)

1.63 (1.57 - 1.69)

87.2 (86.7 - 87.6)

0.44 (0.41 - 0.47)

Male

167.2 (166.3 - 168.0)

2.10 (2.00 - 2.20)

136.3 (135.5 - 137.1)

0.49 (0.44 - 0.54)

Female

62.8 (62.3 - 63.3)

1.26 (1.19 - 1.33)

44.4 (44.0 - 44.8)

0.39 (0.35 - 0.43)

CSS (95% CI)

1-year

85.9 (85.7 - 86.1)

87.1 (85.6 - 88.4)

85.0 (84.8 - 85.2)

89.5 (86.7 - 91.8)

2-year

77.5 (77.3 - 77.7)

78.7 (76.9 - 80.4)

75.8 (75.6 - 76.1)

85.3 (82.0 - 88.0)

5-year

68.5 (68.3 - 68.8)

66.8 (64.6 - 68.8)

66.7 (66.4 - 66.9)

78.5 (74.6 - 81.8)

10-year

62.1 (61.8 - 62.4)

61.0 (58.6 - 63.2)

60.1 (59.8 - 60.5)

74.3 (69.8 - 78.1)

Median (months)

RS (95% CI)

1-year

82.7 (82.5 - 82.9)

85.0 (83.4 - 86.4)

81.6 (81.4 - 81.8)

87.4 (84.4 - 89.8)

2-year

72.6 (72.3 - 72.8)

74.6 (72.7 - 76.4)

70.7 (70.4 - 73.3)

81.4 (77.9 - 84.4)

5-year

58.8 (58.5 - 59.1)

87.8 (56.0 - 60.3)

56.6 (56.3 - 56.9)

70.0 (65.8 - 73.8)

10-year

45.1 (44.8 - 45.4)

76.0 (43.2 - 47.9)

42.4 (42.0 - 42.7)

59.1 (54.2 - 63.6)

Median (months)

96.5

93.0

85.6

**Table 8.** Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Oral Cavity Cancer
Oral cavity	Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma	Adenosquamous vs. squamous
P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: sex (Male), race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.
Adenosquamous histology	0.70 (0.60 - 0.81)	0.88 (0.76 - 1.02)^a	0.60 (0.52 - 0.68)	0.75 (0.66 - 0.86)
Age (per 10 years)	1.28 (1.23 - 1.33)	1.24 (1.19 - 1.29)	1.20 (1.19 - 1.21)	1.24 (1.23 - 1.25)
Sex
Female	0.59 (0.53 - 0.65)	0.79 (0.71 - 0.88)	1.07 (1.05 - 1.08)	1.10 (1.08 - 1.11)
Race
Black	0.98 (0.83 - 1.16)	1.18 (1.00 - 1.40)	1.99 (1.95 - 2.04)	1.72 (1.68 - 1.76)
Other	0.81 (0.66 - 1.00)	0.79 (0.64 - 0.97)	1.11 (1.08 - 1.15)	1.06 (1.03 - 1.09)
Detection stage
Regional	4.03 (3.48 - 4.67)	2.70 (2.31 - 3.15)	2.16 (2.11 - 2.20)	2.25 (2.20 - 2.30)
Distant	9.57 (8.22 - 11.1)	5.02 (4.23 - 5.95)	4.45 (4.34 - 4.55)	4.50 (4.39 - 4.62)
Unstaged	3.40 (2.70 - 4.29)	1.99 (1.56 - 2.54)	2.51 (2.42 - 2.59)	1.93 (1.86 - 2.00)
Grade differentiation
Moderate	2.55 (1.85 - 3.51)	2.21 (1.60 - 3.05)	1.67 (1.63 - 1.71)	1.34 (1.31 - 1.38)
Poor	8.89 (6.56 - 12.1)	4.71 (3.45 - 6.45)	1.64 (1.59 - 1.68)	1.16 (1.13 - 1.19)
Unknown	4.15 (3.04 - 5.66)	2.61 (1.91 - 3.58)	1.37 (1.33 - 1.41)	0.94 (0.92 - 0.97)
Surgery (yes)	0.26 (0.24 - 0.29)	0.38 (0.34 - 0.44)	0.484 (0.477 - 0.492)	0.52 (0.51 - 0.53)
Chemotherapy (yes)	3.00 (2.67 - 3.37)	1.04 (0.91 - 1.19)^a	1.18 (1.16 - 1.20)	0.68 (0.67 - 0.69)
Radiotherapy (yes)	1.85 (1.66 - 2.05)	0.96 (0.86 - 1.08)	1.37 (1.35 - 1.39)	0.85 (0.83 - 0.86)

Table 8. Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Oral Cavity Cancer

Oral cavity

Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous vs. squamous

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Adenosquamous histology

0.70 (0.60 - 0.81)

0.88 (0.76 - 1.02)^a

0.60 (0.52 - 0.68)

0.75 (0.66 - 0.86)

Age (per 10 years)

1.28 (1.23 - 1.33)

1.24 (1.19 - 1.29)

1.20 (1.19 - 1.21)

1.24 (1.23 - 1.25)

Sex

Female

0.59 (0.53 - 0.65)

0.79 (0.71 - 0.88)

1.07 (1.05 - 1.08)

1.10 (1.08 - 1.11)

Race

Black

0.98 (0.83 - 1.16)

1.18 (1.00 - 1.40)

1.99 (1.95 - 2.04)

1.72 (1.68 - 1.76)

Other

0.81 (0.66 - 1.00)

0.79 (0.64 - 0.97)

1.11 (1.08 - 1.15)

1.06 (1.03 - 1.09)

Detection stage

Regional

4.03 (3.48 - 4.67)

2.70 (2.31 - 3.15)

2.16 (2.11 - 2.20)

2.25 (2.20 - 2.30)

Distant

9.57 (8.22 - 11.1)

5.02 (4.23 - 5.95)

4.45 (4.34 - 4.55)

4.50 (4.39 - 4.62)

Unstaged

3.40 (2.70 - 4.29)

1.99 (1.56 - 2.54)

2.51 (2.42 - 2.59)

1.93 (1.86 - 2.00)

Grade differentiation

Moderate

2.55 (1.85 - 3.51)

2.21 (1.60 - 3.05)

1.67 (1.63 - 1.71)

1.34 (1.31 - 1.38)

Poor

8.89 (6.56 - 12.1)

4.71 (3.45 - 6.45)

1.64 (1.59 - 1.68)

1.16 (1.13 - 1.19)

Unknown

4.15 (3.04 - 5.66)

2.61 (1.91 - 3.58)

1.37 (1.33 - 1.41)

0.94 (0.92 - 0.97)

Surgery (yes)

0.26 (0.24 - 0.29)

0.38 (0.34 - 0.44)

0.484 (0.477 - 0.492)

0.52 (0.51 - 0.53)

Chemotherapy (yes)

3.00 (2.67 - 3.37)

1.04 (0.91 - 1.19)^a

1.18 (1.16 - 1.20)

0.68 (0.67 - 0.69)

Radiotherapy (yes)

1.85 (1.66 - 2.05)

0.96 (0.86 - 1.08)

1.37 (1.35 - 1.39)

0.85 (0.83 - 0.86)

**Table 9.** Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Biliary Tract Cancer by Histology
Biliary	All	Adenocarcinoma	Squamous	Adenosquamous	P value
P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
N (%)	218,928 (100.0)	41,976 (19.2)	450 (0.2)	749 (0.3)
Age (years) (%)
0 - 14	1,392 (0.6)	1 (< 1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.23
15 - 29	1,064 (0.5)	90 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
30 - 49	15,632 (7.1)	2,556 (6.1)	35 (7.8)	46 (6.1)
50 - 69	111,391 (50.9)	16,888 (40.2)	184 (40.9)	333 (44.5)
70 - 89	89,449 (40.9)	22,441 (53.5)	231 (51.3)	370 (49.4)
Mean (SD)	65.9 (12.9)	69.3 (11.8)	68.3 (11.8)	68.5 (11.4)	0.041
Median	66	71	70	69
Sex (%)
Male	139,293 (63.6)	18,403 (43.8)	164 (36.4)	258 (34.4)	< 0.001
Female	79,635 (36.4)	23,573 (56.2)	286 (63.6)	491 (65.6)
Race (%)
White	160,585 (73.4)	33,504 (79.8)	335 (74.4)	600 (80.1)	0.039
Black	22,737 (10.4)	3,531 (8.4)	51 (11.3)	70 (9.3)
Other	35,606 (16.3)	4,941 (11.8)	64 (14.2)	79 (10.5)
Detection stage (%)
Localized	73,131 (33.4)	7,489 (17.8)	44 (9.8)	100 (13.4)	< 0.001
Regional	65,390 (29.9)	16,530 (39.4)	154 (34.2)	335 (44.7)
Distant	51,708 (23.6)	14,588 (34.8)	225 (50.0)	299 (39.9)
Unstaged	28,699 (13.1)	3,369 (8.0)	27 (6.0)	15 (2.0)
Grade differentiation (%)
Well	18,412 (8.4)	3,876 (9.2)	21 (4.7)	14 (1.9)	< 0.001
Moderate	35,006 (16.0)	12,125 (28.9)	115 (25.6)	188 (25.1)
Poor	28,836 (13.2)	10,489 (25.0)	135 (30.0)	328 (43.8)
Unknown	136,674 (62.4)	15,486 (36.9)	179 (39.8)	219 (29.2)
Surgery (%)
Yes	64,309 (29.4)	21,527 (51.3)	191 (42.4)	576 (76.9)	< 0.001
No	154,619 (70.6)	20,449 (48.7)	259 (57.6)	173 (23.1)
Chemotherapy (%)
Yes	73,858 (33.7)	14,544 (34.6)	149 (33.1)	284 (37.9)	0.14
No	145,070 (66.3)	27,432 (65.4)	301 (66.9)	465 (62.1)
Radiotherapy (%)
Yes	24,015 (11.0)	6,488 (15.5)	67 (14.9)	126 (16.8)	0.56
No	194,913 (89.0)	35,488 (84.5)	383 (85.1)	623 (83.2)
Incidence Rate (95% CI)					-
All	111.6 (111.1 - 112.1)	19.5 (19.3 - 19.7)	0.19 (0.17 - 0.22)	0.32 (0.29 - 0.35)
Male	156.1 (155.2 - 156.9)	19.7 (19.4 - 20.0)	0.17 (0.14 - 0.20)	0.24 (0.21 - 0.28)
Female	73.4 (72.9 - 74.0)	19.4 (19.1 - 19.7)	0.22 (0.19 - 0.25)	0.38 (0.34 - 0.42)
CSS (95% CI)					-
1-year	47.7 (47.5 - 48.0)	47.7 (47.1 - 48.3)	19.8 (15.1 - 24.9)	33.1 (28.7 - 37.7)
2-year	34.3 (34.1 - 34.6)	31.8 (31.2 - 32.4)	10.2 (6.7 - 14.5)	18.4 (14.8 - 22.4)
5-year	21.7 (21.5 - 22.0)	20.0 (19.5 - 20.6)	7.4 (4.4 - 11.4)	13.1 (9.8 - 16.8)
10-year	17.1 (16.9 - 17.3)	16.6 (16.1 - 17.2)	7.4 (4.4 - 11.4)	12.6 (9.3 - 16.3)
Median (months)	10.7	10.9	4.2	7.9
RS (95% CI)					-
1-year	43.9 (43.7 - 44.1)	44.5 (43.9 - 45.1)	18.0 (13.7 - 22.8)	31.9 (27.6 - 36.3)
2-year	29.9 (29.7 - 30.1)	28.3 (27.7 - 28.8)	8.1 (5.1 - 11.8)	16.8 (13.4 - 20.6)
5-year	16.7 (16.5 - 16.9)	15.6 (15.1 - 16.1)	5.8 (3.4 - 9.3)	9.9 (7.1 - 13.1)
10-year	11.0 (10.8 - 11.2)	10.2 (9.8 - 10.7)	5.8 (3.4 - 9.3)	7.7 (5.1 - 10.9)
Median (months)	8.9	9.6	3.9	7.4

Table 9. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Biliary Tract Cancer by Histology

Biliary

All

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous

Adenosquamous

P value

N (%)

218,928 (100.0)

41,976 (19.2)

450 (0.2)

749 (0.3)

Age (years) (%)

0 - 14

1,392 (0.6)

1 (< 1)

0 (0.0)

0.23

15 - 29

1,064 (0.5)

90 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

30 - 49

15,632 (7.1)

2,556 (6.1)

35 (7.8)

46 (6.1)

50 - 69

111,391 (50.9)

16,888 (40.2)

184 (40.9)

333 (44.5)

70 - 89

89,449 (40.9)

22,441 (53.5)

231 (51.3)

370 (49.4)

Mean (SD)

65.9 (12.9)

69.3 (11.8)

68.3 (11.8)

68.5 (11.4)

0.041

Median

Sex (%)

Male

139,293 (63.6)

18,403 (43.8)

164 (36.4)

258 (34.4)

< 0.001

Female

79,635 (36.4)

23,573 (56.2)

286 (63.6)

491 (65.6)

Race (%)

White

160,585 (73.4)

33,504 (79.8)

335 (74.4)

600 (80.1)

0.039

Black

22,737 (10.4)

3,531 (8.4)

51 (11.3)

70 (9.3)

Other

35,606 (16.3)

4,941 (11.8)

64 (14.2)

79 (10.5)

Detection stage (%)

Localized

73,131 (33.4)

7,489 (17.8)

44 (9.8)

100 (13.4)

< 0.001

Regional

65,390 (29.9)

16,530 (39.4)

154 (34.2)

335 (44.7)

Distant

51,708 (23.6)

14,588 (34.8)

225 (50.0)

299 (39.9)

Unstaged

28,699 (13.1)

3,369 (8.0)

27 (6.0)

15 (2.0)

Grade differentiation (%)

Well

18,412 (8.4)

3,876 (9.2)

21 (4.7)

14 (1.9)

< 0.001

Moderate

35,006 (16.0)

12,125 (28.9)

115 (25.6)

188 (25.1)

Poor

28,836 (13.2)

10,489 (25.0)

135 (30.0)

328 (43.8)

Unknown

136,674 (62.4)

15,486 (36.9)

179 (39.8)

219 (29.2)

Surgery (%)

Yes

64,309 (29.4)

21,527 (51.3)

191 (42.4)

576 (76.9)

< 0.001

154,619 (70.6)

20,449 (48.7)

259 (57.6)

173 (23.1)

Chemotherapy (%)

Yes

73,858 (33.7)

14,544 (34.6)

149 (33.1)

284 (37.9)

0.14

145,070 (66.3)

27,432 (65.4)

301 (66.9)

465 (62.1)

Radiotherapy (%)

Yes

24,015 (11.0)

6,488 (15.5)

67 (14.9)

126 (16.8)

0.56

194,913 (89.0)

35,488 (84.5)

383 (85.1)

623 (83.2)

Incidence Rate (95% CI)

All

111.6 (111.1 - 112.1)

19.5 (19.3 - 19.7)

0.19 (0.17 - 0.22)

0.32 (0.29 - 0.35)

Male

156.1 (155.2 - 156.9)

19.7 (19.4 - 20.0)

0.17 (0.14 - 0.20)

0.24 (0.21 - 0.28)

Female

73.4 (72.9 - 74.0)

19.4 (19.1 - 19.7)

0.22 (0.19 - 0.25)

0.38 (0.34 - 0.42)

CSS (95% CI)

1-year

47.7 (47.5 - 48.0)

47.7 (47.1 - 48.3)

19.8 (15.1 - 24.9)

33.1 (28.7 - 37.7)

2-year

34.3 (34.1 - 34.6)

31.8 (31.2 - 32.4)

10.2 (6.7 - 14.5)

18.4 (14.8 - 22.4)

5-year

21.7 (21.5 - 22.0)

20.0 (19.5 - 20.6)

7.4 (4.4 - 11.4)

13.1 (9.8 - 16.8)

10-year

17.1 (16.9 - 17.3)

16.6 (16.1 - 17.2)

7.4 (4.4 - 11.4)

12.6 (9.3 - 16.3)

Median (months)

10.7

10.9

4.2

7.9

RS (95% CI)

1-year

43.9 (43.7 - 44.1)

44.5 (43.9 - 45.1)

18.0 (13.7 - 22.8)

31.9 (27.6 - 36.3)

2-year

29.9 (29.7 - 30.1)

28.3 (27.7 - 28.8)

8.1 (5.1 - 11.8)

16.8 (13.4 - 20.6)

5-year

16.7 (16.5 - 16.9)

15.6 (15.1 - 16.1)

5.8 (3.4 - 9.3)

9.9 (7.1 - 13.1)

10-year

11.0 (10.8 - 11.2)

10.2 (9.8 - 10.7)

5.8 (3.4 - 9.3)

7.7 (5.1 - 10.9)

Median (months)

8.9

9.6

3.9

7.4

**Table 10.** Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Biliary Tract Cancer
Biliary	Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma	Adenosquamous vs. squamous
P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: sex (Male), race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.
Adenosquamous histology	1.40 (1.28 - 1.52)	1.56 (1.43 - 1.71)	0.74 (0.64 - 0.85)	0.93 (0.80 - 1.09)^a
Age (per 10 years)	1.10 (1.08 - 1.11)	1.08 (1.07 - 1.09)	1.12 (1.06 - 1.20)	1.10 (1.03 - 1.17)
Sex
Female	1.06 (1.04 - 1.09)	1.06 (1.04 - 1.09)	0.98 (0.84 - 1.13)^a	1.04 (0.90 - 1.21)^a
Race
Black	1.05 (1.01 - 1.10)	1.06 (1.01 - 1.11)	1.22 (0.98 - 1.53)^a	1.05 (0.84 - 1.32)^a
Other	0.94 (0.90 - 0.98)	0.96 (0.92 - 1.00)^a	0.97 (0.79 - 1.21)^a	0.91 (0.73 - 1.13)^a
Detection stage
Regional	1.36 (1.31 - 1.42)	1.61 (1.55 - 1.68)	1.48 (1.17 - 1.88)	1.92 (1.50 - 2.45)
Distant	3.56 (3.42 - 3.70)	3.06 (2.93 - 3.19)	2.59 (2.04 - 3.28)	2.99 (2.31 - 3.86)
Unstaged	2.50 (2.37 - 2.64)	1.41 (1.33 - 1.49)	2.19 (1.41 - 3.40)	1.86 (1.19 - 2.91)
Grade differentiation
Moderate	1.28 (1.22 - 1.35)	1.26 (1.20 - 1.32)	0.96 (0.63 - 1.47)^a	0.88 (0.57 - 1.35)^a
Poor	2.11 (2.00 - 2.22)	1.87 (1.78 - 1.97)	1.26 (0.83 - 1.91)^a	1.16 (0.76 - 1.77)^a
Unknown	2.82 (2.68 - 2.96)	1.42 (1.35 - 1.50)	1.62 (1.07 - 2.47)	1.06 (0.69 - 1.64)^a
Surgery (yes)	0.33 (0.32 - 0.34)	0.385 (0.372 - 0.398)	0.42 (0.37 - 0.49)	0.48 (0.40 - 0.58)
Chemotherapy (yes)	0.95 (0.93 - 0.98)	0.66 (0.65 - 0.68)^a	0.72 (0.62 - 0.83)	0.57 (0.49 - 0.67)
Radiotherapy (yes)	0.82 (0.79 - 0.84)	1.01 (0.98 - 1.05)	0.60 (0.50 - 0.72)	0.76 (0.63 - 0.93)

Table 10. Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Biliary Tract Cancer

Biliary

Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous vs. squamous

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Adenosquamous histology

1.40 (1.28 - 1.52)

1.56 (1.43 - 1.71)

0.74 (0.64 - 0.85)

0.93 (0.80 - 1.09)^a

Age (per 10 years)

1.10 (1.08 - 1.11)

1.08 (1.07 - 1.09)

1.12 (1.06 - 1.20)

1.10 (1.03 - 1.17)

Sex

Female

1.06 (1.04 - 1.09)

0.98 (0.84 - 1.13)^a

1.04 (0.90 - 1.21)^a

Race

Black

1.05 (1.01 - 1.10)

1.06 (1.01 - 1.11)

1.22 (0.98 - 1.53)^a

1.05 (0.84 - 1.32)^a

Other

0.94 (0.90 - 0.98)

0.96 (0.92 - 1.00)^a

0.97 (0.79 - 1.21)^a

0.91 (0.73 - 1.13)^a

Detection stage

Regional

1.36 (1.31 - 1.42)

1.61 (1.55 - 1.68)

1.48 (1.17 - 1.88)

1.92 (1.50 - 2.45)

Distant

3.56 (3.42 - 3.70)

3.06 (2.93 - 3.19)

2.59 (2.04 - 3.28)

2.99 (2.31 - 3.86)

Unstaged

2.50 (2.37 - 2.64)

1.41 (1.33 - 1.49)

2.19 (1.41 - 3.40)

1.86 (1.19 - 2.91)

Grade differentiation

Moderate

1.28 (1.22 - 1.35)

1.26 (1.20 - 1.32)

0.96 (0.63 - 1.47)^a

0.88 (0.57 - 1.35)^a

Poor

2.11 (2.00 - 2.22)

1.87 (1.78 - 1.97)

1.26 (0.83 - 1.91)^a

1.16 (0.76 - 1.77)^a

Unknown

2.82 (2.68 - 2.96)

1.42 (1.35 - 1.50)

1.62 (1.07 - 2.47)

1.06 (0.69 - 1.64)^a

Surgery (yes)

0.33 (0.32 - 0.34)

0.385 (0.372 - 0.398)

0.42 (0.37 - 0.49)

0.48 (0.40 - 0.58)

Chemotherapy (yes)

0.95 (0.93 - 0.98)

0.66 (0.65 - 0.68)^a

0.72 (0.62 - 0.83)

0.57 (0.49 - 0.67)

Radiotherapy (yes)

0.82 (0.79 - 0.84)

1.01 (0.98 - 1.05)

0.60 (0.50 - 0.72)

0.76 (0.63 - 0.93)

**Table 11.** Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Esophageal Cancer by Histology
Esophagus	All	Adenocarcinoma	Squamous	Adenosquamous	P value
P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
N (%)	92,290 (100.0)	44,971 (48.7)	35,215 (38.2)	683 (0.7)
Age (years) (%)
0 - 14	3 (< 1)	0 (0.0)	2 (< 1)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
15 - 29	143 (0.2)	94 (0.2)	20 (0.1)	0 (0.0)
30 - 49	5,857 (6.3)	3,128 (7.0)	1,966 (5.6)	52 (7.6)
50 - 69	46,353 (50.2)	22,659 (50.4)	18,032 (51.2)	375 (54.9)
70 - 89	39,934 (43.3)	19,090 (42.4)	15,195 (43.1)	256 (37.5)
Mean (SD)	67.1 (11.3)	66.8 (11.5)	67.2 (10.8)	65.8 (10.7)	< 0.001
Median	67	67	67	66
Sex (%)
Male	71,029 (77.0)	38,740 (86.1)	22,933 (65.1)	562 (82.3)	< 0.001
Female	21,261 (23.0)	6,231 (13.9)	12,282 (34.9)	121 (17.7)
Race (%)
White	76,729 (83.1)	42,643 (94.8)	23,426 (66.5)	585 (85.7)	< 0.001
Black	10,225 (11.1)	1,164 (2.6)	8,181 (23.2)	58 (8.5)
Other	5,336 (5.8)	1,164 (2.6)	3,608 (10.2)	40 (5.9)
Detection stage (%)
Localized	20,381 (22.1)	10,255 (22.8)	8,130 (23.1)	89 (13.0)	< 0.001
Regional	27,306 (29.6)	13,250 (29.5)	11,191 (31.8)	249 (36.5)
Distant	31,335 (34.0)	17,074 (38.0)	9,966 (28.3)	283 (41.4)
Unstaged	13,268 (14.4)	4,392 (9.8)	5,928 (16.8)	62 (9.1)
Grade differentiation (%)
Well	4,118 (4.5)	2,174 (4.8)	1,725 (4.9)	7 (1.0)	< 0.001
Moderate	25,982 (28.2)	13,110 (29.2)	12,152 (34.5)	79 (11.6)
Poor	34,171 (37.0)	16,792 (37.3)	11,893 (33.8)	410 (60.0)
Unknown	28,019 (30.4)	12,895 (28.7)	9,445 (26.8)	187 (27.4)
Surgery (%)
Yes	24,022 (26.0)	14,778 (32.9)	6,648 (18.9)	226 (33.1)	< 0.001
No	68,268 (74.0)	30,193 (67.1)	28,567 (81.1)	457 (66.9)
Chemotherapy (%)
Yes	49,701 (53.9)	26,358 (58.6)	17,993 (51.1)	392 (57.4)	< 0.001
No	42,589 (46.1)	18,613 (41.4)	17,222 (48.9)	291 (42.6)
Radiotherapy (%)
Yes	50,446 (54.7)	23,192 (51.6)	22,270 (63.2)	378 (55.3)	< 0.001
No	41,844 (45.3)	21,779 (41.4)	12,945 (36.8)	305 (44.7)
Incidence rate (95% CI)					-
All	42.9 (42.6 - 43.2)	22.8 (22.6 - 23.1)	13.8 (13.7 - 14.0)	0.29 (0.27 - 0.32)
Male	73.9 (73.3 - 74.5)	43.6 (43.1 - 44.0)	19.6 (19.3 - 19.9)	0.54 (0.49 - 0.59)
Female	17.6 (17.3 - 17.8)	5.9 (5.7 - 6.1)	9.1 (8.9 - 9.3)	0.09 (0.07 - 0.11)
CSS (95% CI)					-
1-year	49.4 (49.0 - 49.8)	54.2 (53.7 - 54.8)	44.4 (43.7 - 45.2)	40.1 (35.2 - 44.8)
2-year	32.8 (32.4 - 33.2)	36.5 (36.0 - 37.1)	29.0 (28.3 - 29.7)	21.4 (17.4 - 25.7)
5-year	21.1 (20.7 - 21.5)	23.3 (22.8 - 23.8)	19.0 (18.4 - 19.6)	13.7 (10.3 - 17.7)
10-year	17.2 (16.9 - 17.6)	19.3 (18.8 - 19.8)	14.9 (14.3 - 15.6)	9.6 (6.6 - 13.3)
Median (months)	11.8	14.0	9.9	9.2
RS (95% CI)					-
1-year	46.0 (45.6 - 46.4)	50.8 (50.3 - 51.4)	41.1 (40.3 - 41.8)	36.4 (31.8 - 40.9)
2-year	29.2 (28.8 - 29.6)	32.8 (32.3 - 33.4)	25.4 (24.8 - 26.1)	18.1 (14.6 - 22.0)
5-year	16.5 (16.1 - 16.8)	18.6 (18.2 - 19.1)	14.2 (13.7 - 14.8)	10.6 (7.8 - 13.9)
10-year	10.5 (10.2 - 10.8)	12.5 (12.0 - 12.9)	8.1 (7.6 - 8.6)	6.4 (4.1 - 9.3)
Median (months)	10.5	12.4	8.9	8.5

Table 11. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Esophageal Cancer by Histology

Esophagus

All

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous

Adenosquamous

P value

N (%)

92,290 (100.0)

44,971 (48.7)

35,215 (38.2)

683 (0.7)

Age (years) (%)

0 - 14

3 (< 1)

0 (0.0)

2 (< 1)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

15 - 29

143 (0.2)

94 (0.2)

20 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

30 - 49

5,857 (6.3)

3,128 (7.0)

1,966 (5.6)

52 (7.6)

50 - 69

46,353 (50.2)

22,659 (50.4)

18,032 (51.2)

375 (54.9)

70 - 89

39,934 (43.3)

19,090 (42.4)

15,195 (43.1)

256 (37.5)

Mean (SD)

67.1 (11.3)

66.8 (11.5)

67.2 (10.8)

65.8 (10.7)

< 0.001

Median

Sex (%)

Male

71,029 (77.0)

38,740 (86.1)

22,933 (65.1)

562 (82.3)

< 0.001

Female

21,261 (23.0)

6,231 (13.9)

12,282 (34.9)

121 (17.7)

Race (%)

White

76,729 (83.1)

42,643 (94.8)

23,426 (66.5)

585 (85.7)

< 0.001

Black

10,225 (11.1)

1,164 (2.6)

8,181 (23.2)

58 (8.5)

Other

5,336 (5.8)

1,164 (2.6)

3,608 (10.2)

40 (5.9)

Detection stage (%)

Localized

20,381 (22.1)

10,255 (22.8)

8,130 (23.1)

89 (13.0)

< 0.001

Regional

27,306 (29.6)

13,250 (29.5)

11,191 (31.8)

249 (36.5)

Distant

31,335 (34.0)

17,074 (38.0)

9,966 (28.3)

283 (41.4)

Unstaged

13,268 (14.4)

4,392 (9.8)

5,928 (16.8)

62 (9.1)

Grade differentiation (%)

Well

4,118 (4.5)

2,174 (4.8)

1,725 (4.9)

7 (1.0)

< 0.001

Moderate

25,982 (28.2)

13,110 (29.2)

12,152 (34.5)

79 (11.6)

Poor

34,171 (37.0)

16,792 (37.3)

11,893 (33.8)

410 (60.0)

Unknown

28,019 (30.4)

12,895 (28.7)

9,445 (26.8)

187 (27.4)

Surgery (%)

Yes

24,022 (26.0)

14,778 (32.9)

6,648 (18.9)

226 (33.1)

< 0.001

68,268 (74.0)

30,193 (67.1)

28,567 (81.1)

457 (66.9)

Chemotherapy (%)

Yes

49,701 (53.9)

26,358 (58.6)

17,993 (51.1)

392 (57.4)

< 0.001

42,589 (46.1)

18,613 (41.4)

17,222 (48.9)

291 (42.6)

Radiotherapy (%)

Yes

50,446 (54.7)

23,192 (51.6)

22,270 (63.2)

378 (55.3)

< 0.001

41,844 (45.3)

21,779 (41.4)

12,945 (36.8)

305 (44.7)

Incidence rate (95% CI)

All

42.9 (42.6 - 43.2)

22.8 (22.6 - 23.1)

13.8 (13.7 - 14.0)

0.29 (0.27 - 0.32)

Male

73.9 (73.3 - 74.5)

43.6 (43.1 - 44.0)

19.6 (19.3 - 19.9)

0.54 (0.49 - 0.59)

Female

17.6 (17.3 - 17.8)

5.9 (5.7 - 6.1)

9.1 (8.9 - 9.3)

0.09 (0.07 - 0.11)

CSS (95% CI)

1-year

49.4 (49.0 - 49.8)

54.2 (53.7 - 54.8)

44.4 (43.7 - 45.2)

40.1 (35.2 - 44.8)

2-year

32.8 (32.4 - 33.2)

36.5 (36.0 - 37.1)

29.0 (28.3 - 29.7)

21.4 (17.4 - 25.7)

5-year

21.1 (20.7 - 21.5)

23.3 (22.8 - 23.8)

19.0 (18.4 - 19.6)

13.7 (10.3 - 17.7)

10-year

17.2 (16.9 - 17.6)

19.3 (18.8 - 19.8)

14.9 (14.3 - 15.6)

9.6 (6.6 - 13.3)

Median (months)

11.8

14.0

9.9

9.2

RS (95% CI)

1-year

46.0 (45.6 - 46.4)

50.8 (50.3 - 51.4)

41.1 (40.3 - 41.8)

36.4 (31.8 - 40.9)

2-year

29.2 (28.8 - 29.6)

32.8 (32.3 - 33.4)

25.4 (24.8 - 26.1)

18.1 (14.6 - 22.0)

5-year

16.5 (16.1 - 16.8)

18.6 (18.2 - 19.1)

14.2 (13.7 - 14.8)

10.6 (7.8 - 13.9)

10-year

10.5 (10.2 - 10.8)

12.5 (12.0 - 12.9)

8.1 (7.6 - 8.6)

6.4 (4.1 - 9.3)

Median (months)

10.5

12.4

8.9

8.5

**Table 12.** Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Esophageal Cancer
Esophagus	Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma	Adenosquamous vs. squamous
P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: sex (Male), race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.
Adenosquamous histology	1.47 (1.35 - 1.60)	1.30 (1.19 - 1.42)	1.16 (1.07 - 1.27)	1.21 (1.10 - 1.32)
Age (per 10 years)	1.10 (1.09 - 1.11)	1.08 (1.07 - 1.09)	1.05 (1.04 - 1.07)	1.02 (1.01 - 1.03)
Sex
Female	1.04 (1.01 - 1.08)	0.97 (0.93 - 1.00)	0.84 (0.81 - 0.86)	0.86 (0.84 - 0.89)
Race
Black	1.16 (1.08 - 1.24)	1.05 (0.98 - 1.13)^a	1.21 (1.17 - 1.24)	1.13 (1.09 - 1.16)
Other	0.99 (0.93 - 1.07)^a	0.88 (0.82 - 0.95)	1.02 (0.98 - 1.06)^a	0.97 (0.93 - 1.10)^a
Detection stage
Regional	1.92 (1.85 - 1.99)	2.22 (2.13 - 2.30)	1.21 (1.16 - 1.25)	1.44 (1.39 - 1.50)
Distant	4.59 (4.43 - 4.75)	3.84 (3.69 - 4.00)	2.36 (2.28 - 2.45)	2.34 (2.26 - 2.43)
Unstaged	2.95 (2.82 - 3.10)	1.86 (1.77 - 1.95)	1.60 (1.54 - 1.67)	1.26 (1.21 - 1.32)
Grade differentiation
Moderate	1.54 (1.45 - 1.64)	1.27 (1.19 - 1.35)	1.17 (1.10 - 1.24)	1.16 (1.09 - 1.24)
Poor	2.23 (2.10 - 2.37)	1.68 (1.58 - 1.79)	1.33 (1.25 - 1.41)	1.24 (1.17 - 1.32)
Unknown	1.62 (1.52 - 1.73)	1.18 (1.10 - 1.25)	1.16 (1.09 - 1.24)	1.03 (0.96 - 1.10)^a
Surgery (yes)	0.294 (0.286 - 0.302)	0.39 (0.37 - 0.40)	0.51 (0.49 - 0.53)	0.47 (0.45 - 0.49)
Chemotherapy (yes)	0.98 (0.96 - 1.01)	0.56 (0.54 - 0.58)	0.61 (0.60 - 0.63)	0.53 (0.51 - 0.55)
Radiotherapy (yes)	0.96 (0.94 - 0.98)	1.03 (1.00 - 1.06)	0.72 (0.70 - 0.74)	0.80 (0.78 - 0.83)

Table 12. Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Esophageal Cancer

Esophagus

Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous vs. squamous

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Adenosquamous histology

1.47 (1.35 - 1.60)

1.30 (1.19 - 1.42)

1.16 (1.07 - 1.27)

1.21 (1.10 - 1.32)

Age (per 10 years)

1.10 (1.09 - 1.11)

1.08 (1.07 - 1.09)

1.05 (1.04 - 1.07)

1.02 (1.01 - 1.03)

Sex

Female

1.04 (1.01 - 1.08)

0.97 (0.93 - 1.00)

0.84 (0.81 - 0.86)

0.86 (0.84 - 0.89)

Race

Black

1.16 (1.08 - 1.24)

1.05 (0.98 - 1.13)^a

1.21 (1.17 - 1.24)

1.13 (1.09 - 1.16)

Other

0.99 (0.93 - 1.07)^a

0.88 (0.82 - 0.95)

1.02 (0.98 - 1.06)^a

0.97 (0.93 - 1.10)^a

Detection stage

Regional

1.92 (1.85 - 1.99)

2.22 (2.13 - 2.30)

1.21 (1.16 - 1.25)

1.44 (1.39 - 1.50)

Distant

4.59 (4.43 - 4.75)

3.84 (3.69 - 4.00)

2.36 (2.28 - 2.45)

2.34 (2.26 - 2.43)

Unstaged

2.95 (2.82 - 3.10)

1.86 (1.77 - 1.95)

1.60 (1.54 - 1.67)

1.26 (1.21 - 1.32)

Grade differentiation

Moderate

1.54 (1.45 - 1.64)

1.27 (1.19 - 1.35)

1.17 (1.10 - 1.24)

1.16 (1.09 - 1.24)

Poor

2.23 (2.10 - 2.37)

1.68 (1.58 - 1.79)

1.33 (1.25 - 1.41)

1.24 (1.17 - 1.32)

Unknown

1.62 (1.52 - 1.73)

1.18 (1.10 - 1.25)

1.16 (1.09 - 1.24)

1.03 (0.96 - 1.10)^a

Surgery (yes)

0.294 (0.286 - 0.302)

0.39 (0.37 - 0.40)

0.51 (0.49 - 0.53)

0.47 (0.45 - 0.49)

Chemotherapy (yes)

0.98 (0.96 - 1.01)

0.56 (0.54 - 0.58)

0.61 (0.60 - 0.63)

0.53 (0.51 - 0.55)

Radiotherapy (yes)

0.96 (0.94 - 0.98)

1.03 (1.00 - 1.06)

0.72 (0.70 - 0.74)

0.80 (0.78 - 0.83)

**Table 13.** Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Colorectal Cancer by Histology
Colorectal	All	Adenocarcinoma	Squamous	Adenosquamous	P value
P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
N (%)	976,218 (100.0)	654,583 (67.1)	4,099 (0.4)	499 (0.1)
Age (years) (%)
0 - 14	388 (< 1)	18 (< 1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
15 - 29	6,306 (0.6%)	2,517 (0.4)	14 (0.3)	7 (1.4)
30 - 49	91,261 (9.3)	59,034 (9.0)	567 (13.8)	69 (13.8)
50 - 69	417,273 (42.7)	276,839 (42.3)	2,237 (54.6)	217 (43.5)
70 - 89	460,990 (47.2)	316,175 (48.3)	1,281 (31.3)	206 (41.3)
Mean (SD)	67.1 (13.2)	67.5 (12.8)	62.9 (12.6)	64.6 (14.2)	< 0.001
Median	68	69	63	66
Sex (%)
Male	508,045 (52.0)	344,212 (52.6)	1,367 (33.3)	239 (47.9)	< 0.001
Female	468,173 (48.0)	310,371 (47.4)	2,732 (66.7)	260 (52.1)
Race (%)
White	797,944 (81.7)	535,324 (81.8)	3,535 (86.2)	416 (83.4)	< 0.001
Black	96,336 (9.9)	62,425 (9.5)	451 (11.0)	55 (11.0)
Other	81,938 (8.4)	56,834 (8.7)	113 (2.8)	28 (5.6)
Detection stage (%)
Localized	382,652 (39.2)	211,323 (32.3)	1,563 (38.1)	68 (13.6)	< 0.001
Regional	349,452 (35.8)	272,190 (41.6)	1,172 (28.6)	208 (41.7)
Distant	197,244 (20.2)	145,939 (22.3)	731 (17.8)	211 (42.3)
Unstaged	46,870 (4.8)	25,131 (3.8)	633 (15.4)	12 (2.4)
Grade differentiation (%)
Well	100,493 (10.3)	50,960 (7.8)	205 (5.0)	8 (1.6)	< 0.001
Moderate	530,921 (54.4)	402,646 (61.5)	1,138 (27.8)	100 (20.0)
Poor	156,586 (16.0)	111,890 (17.1)	1,310 (32.0)	307 (61.5)
Unknown	188,218 (19.3)	89,087 (13.6)	1,446 (35.3)	84 (16.8)
Surgery (%)
Yes	832,886 (85.3)	560,355 (85.6)	1,293 (31.5)	414 (83.0)	< 0.001
No	143,332 (14.7)	94,228 (14.4)	2,806 (68.5)	85 (17.0)
Chemotherapy (%)
Yes	309,619 (31.7)	238,979 (36.5)	2,536 (61.9)	232 (46.5)	< 0.001
No	666,599 (68.3)	415,604 (63.5)	1,563 (38.1)	267 (53.5)
Radiotherapy (%)
Yes	117,214 (12.0)	91,656 (14.0)	2,611 (63.7)	101 (20.2)	< 0.001
No	859,004 (88.0)	562,927 (86.0)	1,488 (36.3)	398 (79.8)
Incidence rate (95% CI)					-
All	427 (426 - 428)	279 (278 - 280)	2.1 (2.0 - 2.2)	0.20 (0.18 - 0.22)
Male	492 (491 - 494)	328 (326 - 329)	1.5 (1.4 - 1.6)	0.22 (0.18 - 0.25)
Female	373 (372 - 374)	240 (239 - 241)	2.6 (2.5 - 2.7)	0.19 (0.16 - 0.22)
CSS (95% CI)					-
1-year	84.6 (84.5 - 84.7)	84.2 (84.1 - 84.3)	81.2 (79.7 - 82.6)	61.3 (55.3 - 66.8)
2-year	77.1 (76.9 - 77.2)	75.6 (75.5 - 75.8)	72.0 (70.2 - 73.7)	47.2 (41.1 - 53.1)
5-year	65.3 (65.2 - 65.4)	61.7 (61.6 - 61.9)	63.9 (61.9 - 65.8)	35.7 (29.8 - 41.6)
10-year	58.8 (58.6 - 58.9)	54.3 (54.1 - 54.5)	59.7 (57.6 - 61.8)	32.9 (27.0 - 38.9)
Median (months)	-	-	-	20.3
RS (95% CI)					-
1-year	81.0 (80.9 - 81.1)	80.5 (80.4 - 80.7)	77.7 (76.1 - 79.2)	58.7 (52.7 - 64.1)
2-year	71.9 (71.8 - 72.0)	70.4 (70.3 - 70.6)	67.3 (65.5 - 69.0)	44.4 (38.5 - 50.1)
5-year	55.8 (55.6 - 55.9)	52.4 (52.2 - 52.6)	55.8 (53.8 - 57.7)	32.0 (26.6 - 37.7)
10-year	41.4 (41.2 - 41.5)	37.5 (37.3 - 37.6)	46.1 (43.9 - 48.2)	26.4 (21.0 - 32.0)
Median (months)	80.3	67.3	94.5	17.0

Table 13. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Colorectal Cancer by Histology

Colorectal

All

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous

Adenosquamous

P value

N (%)

976,218 (100.0)

654,583 (67.1)

4,099 (0.4)

499 (0.1)

Age (years) (%)

0 - 14

388 (< 1)

18 (< 1)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

15 - 29

6,306 (0.6%)

2,517 (0.4)

14 (0.3)

7 (1.4)

30 - 49

91,261 (9.3)

59,034 (9.0)

567 (13.8)

69 (13.8)

50 - 69

417,273 (42.7)

276,839 (42.3)

2,237 (54.6)

217 (43.5)

70 - 89

460,990 (47.2)

316,175 (48.3)

1,281 (31.3)

206 (41.3)

Mean (SD)

67.1 (13.2)

67.5 (12.8)

62.9 (12.6)

64.6 (14.2)

< 0.001

Median

Sex (%)

Male

508,045 (52.0)

344,212 (52.6)

1,367 (33.3)

239 (47.9)

< 0.001

Female

468,173 (48.0)

310,371 (47.4)

2,732 (66.7)

260 (52.1)

Race (%)

White

797,944 (81.7)

535,324 (81.8)

3,535 (86.2)

416 (83.4)

< 0.001

Black

96,336 (9.9)

62,425 (9.5)

451 (11.0)

55 (11.0)

Other

81,938 (8.4)

56,834 (8.7)

113 (2.8)

28 (5.6)

Detection stage (%)

Localized

382,652 (39.2)

211,323 (32.3)

1,563 (38.1)

68 (13.6)

< 0.001

Regional

349,452 (35.8)

272,190 (41.6)

1,172 (28.6)

208 (41.7)

Distant

197,244 (20.2)

145,939 (22.3)

731 (17.8)

211 (42.3)

Unstaged

46,870 (4.8)

25,131 (3.8)

633 (15.4)

12 (2.4)

Grade differentiation (%)

Well

100,493 (10.3)

50,960 (7.8)

205 (5.0)

8 (1.6)

< 0.001

Moderate

530,921 (54.4)

402,646 (61.5)

1,138 (27.8)

100 (20.0)

Poor

156,586 (16.0)

111,890 (17.1)

1,310 (32.0)

307 (61.5)

Unknown

188,218 (19.3)

89,087 (13.6)

1,446 (35.3)

84 (16.8)

Surgery (%)

Yes

832,886 (85.3)

560,355 (85.6)

1,293 (31.5)

414 (83.0)

< 0.001

143,332 (14.7)

94,228 (14.4)

2,806 (68.5)

85 (17.0)

Chemotherapy (%)

Yes

309,619 (31.7)

238,979 (36.5)

2,536 (61.9)

232 (46.5)

< 0.001

666,599 (68.3)

415,604 (63.5)

1,563 (38.1)

267 (53.5)

Radiotherapy (%)

Yes

117,214 (12.0)

91,656 (14.0)

2,611 (63.7)

101 (20.2)

< 0.001

859,004 (88.0)

562,927 (86.0)

1,488 (36.3)

398 (79.8)

Incidence rate (95% CI)

All

427 (426 - 428)

279 (278 - 280)

2.1 (2.0 - 2.2)

0.20 (0.18 - 0.22)

Male

492 (491 - 494)

328 (326 - 329)

1.5 (1.4 - 1.6)

0.22 (0.18 - 0.25)

Female

373 (372 - 374)

240 (239 - 241)

2.6 (2.5 - 2.7)

0.19 (0.16 - 0.22)

CSS (95% CI)

1-year

84.6 (84.5 - 84.7)

84.2 (84.1 - 84.3)

81.2 (79.7 - 82.6)

61.3 (55.3 - 66.8)

2-year

77.1 (76.9 - 77.2)

75.6 (75.5 - 75.8)

72.0 (70.2 - 73.7)

47.2 (41.1 - 53.1)

5-year

65.3 (65.2 - 65.4)

61.7 (61.6 - 61.9)

63.9 (61.9 - 65.8)

35.7 (29.8 - 41.6)

10-year

58.8 (58.6 - 58.9)

54.3 (54.1 - 54.5)

59.7 (57.6 - 61.8)

32.9 (27.0 - 38.9)

Median (months)

20.3

RS (95% CI)

1-year

81.0 (80.9 - 81.1)

80.5 (80.4 - 80.7)

77.7 (76.1 - 79.2)

58.7 (52.7 - 64.1)

2-year

71.9 (71.8 - 72.0)

70.4 (70.3 - 70.6)

67.3 (65.5 - 69.0)

44.4 (38.5 - 50.1)

5-year

55.8 (55.6 - 55.9)

52.4 (52.2 - 52.6)

55.8 (53.8 - 57.7)

32.0 (26.6 - 37.7)

10-year

41.4 (41.2 - 41.5)

37.5 (37.3 - 37.6)

46.1 (43.9 - 48.2)

26.4 (21.0 - 32.0)

Median (months)

80.3

67.3

94.5

17.0

**Table 14.** Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal	Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma	Adenosquamous vs. squamous
P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: sex (Male), race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.
Adenosquamous histology	2.15 (1.91 - 2.42)	1.44 (1.28 - 1.63)	2.20 (1.93 - 2.50)	1.26 (1.08 - 1.47)
Age (per 10 years)	1.109 (1.105 - 1.112)	1.204 (1.201 - 1.209)	1.21 (1.16 - 1.26)	1.18 (1.13 - 1.23)
Sex
Female	0.94 (0.93 - 0.95)	0.935 (0.928 - 0.943)	0.69 (0.63 - 0.76)	0.74 (0.67 - 0.82)
Race
Black	1.24 (1.22 - 1.25)	1.17 (1.16 - 1.19)	1.26 (1.09 - 1.46)	1.18 (1.02 - 1.37)
Other	0.90 (0.89 - 0.92)	0.92 (0.91 - 0.93)	1.19 (0.90 - 1.58)^a	0.86 (0.65 - 1.14)^a
Detection stage
Regional	2.26 (2.23 - 2.29)	2.51 (2.48 - 2.54)	2.07 (1.80 - 2.38)	2.19 (1.90 - 2.53)
Distant	12.0 (11.0 - 12.2)	12.0 (11.9 - 12.2)	7.41 (6.46 - 8.50)	7.17 (6.20 - 8.28)
Unstaged	5.10 (5.00 - 5.21)	2.89 (2.83 - 2.96)	2.20 (1.85 - 2.61)	1.72 (1.44 - 2.06)
Grade differentiation
Moderate	1.17 (1.15 - 1.19)	1.04 (1.02 - 1.06)	1.31 (1.01 - 1.71)	1.26 (0.96 - 1.64)^a
Poor	1.92 (1.89 - 1.96)	1.48 (1.46 - 1.51)	1.73 (1.33 - 2.24)	1.40 (1.08 - 1.83)
Unknown	2.43 (2.38 - 2.48)	1.17 (1.15 - 1.20)	1.39 (1.07 - 1.81)	1.09 (0.84 - 1.43)^a
Surgery (yes)	0.203 (0.201 - 0.205)	0.410 (0.405 - 0.414)	0.92 (0.83 - 1.02)^a	0.72 (0.64 - 0.82)
Chemotherapy (yes)	1.41 (1.40 - 1.42)	0.75 (0.74 - 0.76)	0.59 (0.53 - 0.65)	0.64 (0.56 - 0.72)
Radiotherapy (yes)	1.08 (1.06 - 1.09)	1.12 (1.10 - 1.13)	0.48 (0.43 - 0.53)	0.68 (0.60 - 0.77)

Table 14. Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal

Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous vs. squamous

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Adenosquamous histology

2.15 (1.91 - 2.42)

1.44 (1.28 - 1.63)

2.20 (1.93 - 2.50)

1.26 (1.08 - 1.47)

Age (per 10 years)

1.109 (1.105 - 1.112)

1.204 (1.201 - 1.209)

1.21 (1.16 - 1.26)

1.18 (1.13 - 1.23)

Sex

Female

0.94 (0.93 - 0.95)

0.935 (0.928 - 0.943)

0.69 (0.63 - 0.76)

0.74 (0.67 - 0.82)

Race

Black

1.24 (1.22 - 1.25)

1.17 (1.16 - 1.19)

1.26 (1.09 - 1.46)

1.18 (1.02 - 1.37)

Other

0.90 (0.89 - 0.92)

0.92 (0.91 - 0.93)

1.19 (0.90 - 1.58)^a

0.86 (0.65 - 1.14)^a

Detection stage

Regional

2.26 (2.23 - 2.29)

2.51 (2.48 - 2.54)

2.07 (1.80 - 2.38)

2.19 (1.90 - 2.53)

Distant

12.0 (11.0 - 12.2)

12.0 (11.9 - 12.2)

7.41 (6.46 - 8.50)

7.17 (6.20 - 8.28)

Unstaged

5.10 (5.00 - 5.21)

2.89 (2.83 - 2.96)

2.20 (1.85 - 2.61)

1.72 (1.44 - 2.06)

Grade differentiation

Moderate

1.17 (1.15 - 1.19)

1.04 (1.02 - 1.06)

1.31 (1.01 - 1.71)

1.26 (0.96 - 1.64)^a

Poor

1.92 (1.89 - 1.96)

1.48 (1.46 - 1.51)

1.73 (1.33 - 2.24)

1.40 (1.08 - 1.83)

Unknown

2.43 (2.38 - 2.48)

1.17 (1.15 - 1.20)

1.39 (1.07 - 1.81)

1.09 (0.84 - 1.43)^a

Surgery (yes)

0.203 (0.201 - 0.205)

0.410 (0.405 - 0.414)

0.92 (0.83 - 1.02)^a

0.72 (0.64 - 0.82)

Chemotherapy (yes)

1.41 (1.40 - 1.42)

0.75 (0.74 - 0.76)

0.59 (0.53 - 0.65)

0.64 (0.56 - 0.72)

Radiotherapy (yes)

1.08 (1.06 - 1.09)

1.12 (1.10 - 1.13)

0.48 (0.43 - 0.53)

0.68 (0.60 - 0.77)

**Table 15.** Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Gastric Cancer by Histology
Gastric	All	Adenocarcinoma	Squamous	Adenosquamous	P value
P < 0.05 for all comparisons between adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed per 100,000. CSS: cause-specific survival; RS: relative survival; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
N (%)	163,791 (100.0)	103,143 (63.0)	1,306 (0.8)	479 (0.3)
Age (years) (%)
0 - 14	45 (< 1)	3 (< 1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
15 - 29	1,149 (0.7)	493 (0.5)	4 (0.3)	2 (0.4)
30 - 49	16,632 (10.2)	8,103 (7.9)	76 (5.8)	39 (8.1)
50 - 69	66,842 (40.8)	41,002 (39.8)	632 (48.4)	257 (53.7)
70 - 89	79,123 (48.3)	53,542 (51.9)	594 (45.5)	181 (37.8)
Mean (SD)	67.2 (13.4)	68.5 (12.7)	67.3 (11.7)	65.6 (11.6)	< 0.001
Median	69	70	68	66
Sex (%)
Male	100,682 (61.5)	68,577 (66.5)	926 (70.9)	346 (72.2)	< 0.001
Female	63,109 (38.5)	34,566 (33.5)	380 (29.1)	133 (27.8)
Race (%)
White	118,825 (72.5)	74,681 (72.4)	951 (72.8)	371 (77.5)	< 0.001
Black	19,550 (11.9)	11,583 (11.2)	236 (18.1)	61 (12.7)
Other	25,416 (15.5)	16,879 (16.4)	119 (9.1)	47 (9.8)
Detection Stage (%)
Localized	41,461 (25.3)	22,366 (21.7)	227 (17.4)	59 (12.3)	< 0.001
Regional	45,864 (28.0)	32,103 (31.1)	337 (25.8)	186 (38.8)
Distant	58,576 (35.8)	38,774 (37.6)	541 (41.4)	206 (43.0)
Unstaged	17,890 (10.9)	9,900 (9.6)	201 (15.4)	28 (5.8)
Grade Differentiation (%)
Well	9,547 (5.8)	4,779 (4.6)	64 (4.9)	3 (0.6)	< 0.001
Moderate	30,480 (18.6)	25,698 (24.9)	330 (25.3)	63 (13.2)
Poor	75,552 (46.1)	49,344 (47.8)	542 (41.5)	306 (63.9)
Unknown	48,212 (29.4)	23,322 (22.6)	370 (28.3)	107 (22.3)
Surgery (%)
Yes	81,339 (49.7)	50,124 (48.6)	342 (26.2)	263 (54.9)	< 0.001
No	82,452 (50.3)	53,019 (51.4)	964 (73.8)	216 (45.1)
Chemotherapy (%)
Yes	63,961 (39.1)	42,283 (41.0)	575 (44.0)	244 (50.9)	< 0.001
No	99,830 (60.9)	60,860 (59.0)	731 (56.0)	235 (49.1)
Radiotherapy (%)
Yes	31,035 (18.9)	22,608 (21.9)	505 (38.7)	160 (33.4)	< 0.001
No	132,756 (81.1)	80,535 (78.1)	801 (61.3)	319 (66.6)
Incidence Rate (95% CI)					-
All	73.7 (73.3 - 74.1)	43.6 (43.3 - 43.9)	0.57 (0.54 - 0.61)	0.19 (0.17 - 0.21)
Male	99.9 (99.2 - 100.7)	65.2 (64.7 - 65.8)	0.90 (0.83 - 0.97)	0.29 (0.26 - 0.34)
Female	53.1 (52.6 - 53.5)	26.4 (26.1 - 26.7)	0.30 (0.27 - 0.34)	0.10 (0.08 - 0.12)
CSS (95% CI)					-
1-year	56.8 (56.5 - 57.1)	53.3 (52.9 - 53.7)	38.2 (34.6 - 41.8)	44.3 (38.2 - 50.3)
2-year	43.1 (42.7 - 43.4)	37.7 (37.3 - 38.1)	24.9 (21.7 - 28.2)	23.7 (18.6 - 29.2)
5-year	32.5 (32.1 - 32.8)	26.0 (25.7 - 26.4)	18.4 (15.4 - 21.6)	16.9 (12.5 - 22.0)
10-year	28.5 (28.2 - 28.8)	22.3 (21.9 - 22.7)	17.1 (14.1 - 20.4)	14.0 (9.7 - 19.0)
Median (Months)	16.6	13.7	7.7	10.3
RS (95% CI)					-
1-year	53.5 (53.2 - 53.8)	49.9 (49.5 - 50.3)	35.3 (31.9 - 38.7)	41.4 (35.5 - 47.2)
2-year	39.1 (38.8 - 39.4)	33.9 (33.5 - 34.3)	22.8 (19.8 - 25.9)	21.7 (16.9 - 26.8)
5-year	26.5 (26.2 - 26.8)	20.7 (20.3 - 21.0)	14.6 (12.0 - 17.5)	14.7 (10.7 - 19.4)
10-year	19.0 (18.8 - 19.3)	13.9 (13.6 - 14.3)	10.9 (8.5 - 13.6)	9.5 (6.1 - 13.9)
Median (Months)	14.0	12.0	6.8	9.4

Table 15. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Gastric Cancer by Histology

Gastric

All

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous

Adenosquamous

P value

N (%)

163,791 (100.0)

103,143 (63.0)

1,306 (0.8)

479 (0.3)

Age (years) (%)

0 - 14

45 (< 1)

3 (< 1)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

15 - 29

1,149 (0.7)

493 (0.5)

4 (0.3)

2 (0.4)

30 - 49

16,632 (10.2)

8,103 (7.9)

76 (5.8)

39 (8.1)

50 - 69

66,842 (40.8)

41,002 (39.8)

632 (48.4)

257 (53.7)

70 - 89

79,123 (48.3)

53,542 (51.9)

594 (45.5)

181 (37.8)

Mean (SD)

67.2 (13.4)

68.5 (12.7)

67.3 (11.7)

65.6 (11.6)

< 0.001

Median

Sex (%)

Male

100,682 (61.5)

68,577 (66.5)

926 (70.9)

346 (72.2)

< 0.001

Female

63,109 (38.5)

34,566 (33.5)

380 (29.1)

133 (27.8)

Race (%)

White

118,825 (72.5)

74,681 (72.4)

951 (72.8)

371 (77.5)

< 0.001

Black

19,550 (11.9)

11,583 (11.2)

236 (18.1)

61 (12.7)

Other

25,416 (15.5)

16,879 (16.4)

119 (9.1)

47 (9.8)

Detection Stage (%)

Localized

41,461 (25.3)

22,366 (21.7)

227 (17.4)

59 (12.3)

< 0.001

Regional

45,864 (28.0)

32,103 (31.1)

337 (25.8)

186 (38.8)

Distant

58,576 (35.8)

38,774 (37.6)

541 (41.4)

206 (43.0)

Unstaged

17,890 (10.9)

9,900 (9.6)

201 (15.4)

28 (5.8)

Grade Differentiation (%)

Well

9,547 (5.8)

4,779 (4.6)

64 (4.9)

3 (0.6)

< 0.001

Moderate

30,480 (18.6)

25,698 (24.9)

330 (25.3)

63 (13.2)

Poor

75,552 (46.1)

49,344 (47.8)

542 (41.5)

306 (63.9)

Unknown

48,212 (29.4)

23,322 (22.6)

370 (28.3)

107 (22.3)

Surgery (%)

Yes

81,339 (49.7)

50,124 (48.6)

342 (26.2)

263 (54.9)

< 0.001

82,452 (50.3)

53,019 (51.4)

964 (73.8)

216 (45.1)

Chemotherapy (%)

Yes

63,961 (39.1)

42,283 (41.0)

575 (44.0)

244 (50.9)

< 0.001

99,830 (60.9)

60,860 (59.0)

731 (56.0)

235 (49.1)

Radiotherapy (%)

Yes

31,035 (18.9)

22,608 (21.9)

505 (38.7)

160 (33.4)

< 0.001

132,756 (81.1)

80,535 (78.1)

801 (61.3)

319 (66.6)

Incidence Rate (95% CI)

All

73.7 (73.3 - 74.1)

43.6 (43.3 - 43.9)

0.57 (0.54 - 0.61)

0.19 (0.17 - 0.21)

Male

99.9 (99.2 - 100.7)

65.2 (64.7 - 65.8)

0.90 (0.83 - 0.97)

0.29 (0.26 - 0.34)

Female

53.1 (52.6 - 53.5)

26.4 (26.1 - 26.7)

0.30 (0.27 - 0.34)

0.10 (0.08 - 0.12)

CSS (95% CI)

1-year

56.8 (56.5 - 57.1)

53.3 (52.9 - 53.7)

38.2 (34.6 - 41.8)

44.3 (38.2 - 50.3)

2-year

43.1 (42.7 - 43.4)

37.7 (37.3 - 38.1)

24.9 (21.7 - 28.2)

23.7 (18.6 - 29.2)

5-year

32.5 (32.1 - 32.8)

26.0 (25.7 - 26.4)

18.4 (15.4 - 21.6)

16.9 (12.5 - 22.0)

10-year

28.5 (28.2 - 28.8)

22.3 (21.9 - 22.7)

17.1 (14.1 - 20.4)

14.0 (9.7 - 19.0)

Median (Months)

16.6

13.7

7.7

10.3

RS (95% CI)

1-year

53.5 (53.2 - 53.8)

49.9 (49.5 - 50.3)

35.3 (31.9 - 38.7)

41.4 (35.5 - 47.2)

2-year

39.1 (38.8 - 39.4)

33.9 (33.5 - 34.3)

22.8 (19.8 - 25.9)

21.7 (16.9 - 26.8)

5-year

26.5 (26.2 - 26.8)

20.7 (20.3 - 21.0)

14.6 (12.0 - 17.5)

14.7 (10.7 - 19.4)

10-year

19.0 (18.8 - 19.3)

13.9 (13.6 - 14.3)

10.9 (8.5 - 13.6)

9.5 (6.1 - 13.9)

Median (Months)

14.0

12.0

6.8

9.4

**Table 16.** Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Gastric Cancer
Gastric	Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma	Adenosquamous vs. squamous
P < 0.05 relative to reference unless noted by ^aP ≥ 0.05. Reference categories: sex (Male), race (White), detection stage (Localized), grade differentiation (Well), surgery (no), radiotherapy (no), and chemotherapy (no). CI: confidence interval.
Adenosquamous histology	1.29 (1.16 - 1.44)	1.24 (1.11 - 1.38)	0.98 (0.87 - 1.12)^a	1.11 (0.96 - 1.27)^a
Age (per 10 years)	1.05 (1.04 - 1.06)	1.07 (1.06 - 1.08)	1.09 (1.04 - 1.15)	1.09 (1.03 - 1.14)
Sex
Female	0.97 (0.95 - 0.98)	0.95 (0.93 - 0.96)	0.89 (0.78 - 1.01)^a	0.88 (0.77 - 1.00)^a
Race
Black	0.97 (0.95 - 0.99)	0.98 (0.96 - 1.01)^a	1.43 (1.22 - 1.66)	1.32 (1.13 - 1.54)
Other	0.74 (0.73 - 0.76)	0.82 (0.81 - 0.84)	1.09 (0.89 - 1.33)^a	0.97 (0.79 - 1.19)^a
Detection stage
Regional	2.33 (2.27 - 2.39)	2.81 (2.74 - 2.89)	1.40 (1.16 - 1.70)	1.68 (1.37 - 2.05)
Distant	6.10 (5.95 - 6.26)	4.91 (4.77 - 5.05)	3.32 (2.76 - 4.00)	3.09 (2.52 - 3.77)
Unstaged	3.85 (3.72 - 3.98)	2.07 (2.00 - 2.15)	2.12 (1.68 - 2.68)	1.51 (1.18 - 1.92)
Grade differentiation
Moderate	1.48 (1.41 - 1.55)	1.20 (1.15 - 1.26)	1.55 (1.10 - 2.17)	1.33 (0.94 - 1.87)^a
Poor	2.08 (1.99 - 2.17)	1.60 (1.53 - 1.67)	2.07 (1.49 - 2.86)	1.72 (1.23 - 2.40)
Unknown	2.10 (2.01 - 2.20)	1.26 (1.21 - 1.32)	1.67 (1.19 - 2.34)	1.21 (0.86 - 1.70)^a
Surgery (yes)	0.298 (0.293 - 0.303)	0.367 (0.360 - 0.375)	0.45 (0.40 - 0.51)	0.50 (0.42 - 0.58)
Chemotherapy (yes)	1.05 (1.03 - 1.07)	0.59 (0.57 - 0.60)	0.72 (0.64 - 0.81)	0.56 (0.49 - 0.64)
Radiotherapy (yes)	0.89 (0.87 - 0.91)	0.98 (0.96 - 0.99)	0.71 (0.63 - 0.80)	0.87 (0.76 - 0.99)

Table 16. Univariate and Multivariable Cox-Proportional Hazard Ratios (HRs) of Mortality for Gastric Cancer

Gastric

Adenosquamous vs. adenocarcinoma

Adenosquamous vs. squamous

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Univariate, HR (95% CI)

Multivariable, HR (95% CI)

Adenosquamous histology

1.29 (1.16 - 1.44)

1.24 (1.11 - 1.38)

0.98 (0.87 - 1.12)^a

1.11 (0.96 - 1.27)^a

Age (per 10 years)

1.05 (1.04 - 1.06)

1.07 (1.06 - 1.08)

1.09 (1.04 - 1.15)

1.09 (1.03 - 1.14)

Sex

Female

0.97 (0.95 - 0.98)

0.95 (0.93 - 0.96)

0.89 (0.78 - 1.01)^a

0.88 (0.77 - 1.00)^a

Race

Black

0.97 (0.95 - 0.99)

0.98 (0.96 - 1.01)^a

1.43 (1.22 - 1.66)

1.32 (1.13 - 1.54)

Other

0.74 (0.73 - 0.76)

0.82 (0.81 - 0.84)

1.09 (0.89 - 1.33)^a

0.97 (0.79 - 1.19)^a

Detection stage

Regional

2.33 (2.27 - 2.39)

2.81 (2.74 - 2.89)

1.40 (1.16 - 1.70)

1.68 (1.37 - 2.05)

Distant

6.10 (5.95 - 6.26)

4.91 (4.77 - 5.05)

3.32 (2.76 - 4.00)

3.09 (2.52 - 3.77)

Unstaged

3.85 (3.72 - 3.98)

2.07 (2.00 - 2.15)

2.12 (1.68 - 2.68)

1.51 (1.18 - 1.92)

Grade differentiation

Moderate

1.48 (1.41 - 1.55)

1.20 (1.15 - 1.26)

1.55 (1.10 - 2.17)

1.33 (0.94 - 1.87)^a

Poor

2.08 (1.99 - 2.17)

1.60 (1.53 - 1.67)

2.07 (1.49 - 2.86)

1.72 (1.23 - 2.40)

Unknown

2.10 (2.01 - 2.20)

1.26 (1.21 - 1.32)

1.67 (1.19 - 2.34)

1.21 (0.86 - 1.70)^a

Surgery (yes)

0.298 (0.293 - 0.303)

0.367 (0.360 - 0.375)

0.45 (0.40 - 0.51)

0.50 (0.42 - 0.58)

Chemotherapy (yes)

1.05 (1.03 - 1.07)

0.59 (0.57 - 0.60)

0.72 (0.64 - 0.81)

0.56 (0.49 - 0.64)

Radiotherapy (yes)

0.89 (0.87 - 0.91)

0.98 (0.96 - 0.99)

0.71 (0.63 - 0.80)

0.87 (0.76 - 0.99)