World Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1920-4531 print, 1920-454X online, Open Access |
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Oncol and Elmer Press Inc |
Journal website https://www.wjon.org |
Original Article
Volume 000, Number 000, July 2024, pages 000-000
On the Origin of Abdominal Venous Leiomyosarcomas: The Role of the Sex-Hormone Drainage Pathways
Figures
Tables
Variable | All patients, N (%) | Females, N (%) | Males, N (%) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
aOvarian (1), adrenal (3.5) and paratesticular (10) LMS. P values refer to differences between females and males. FNCLCC: French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group; ER/PR: estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor; N/A: not applicable. | ||||
Number of patients | 155 | 95 (61.3) | 60 (38.7) | < 0.01 |
Age at diagnosis, years, median (range) | 60 (22 - 90) | 60 (22 - 90) | 61 (23 - 88) | 0.6 |
Tumour size, cm, median (range) | 7.8 (1.1 - 30.3) | 8.2 (1.4 - 30.0) | 7.7 (1.1 - 30.3) | 0.7 |
FNCLCC grade, n (%) | 0.9 | |||
1 | 22 (14.2) | 14 (14.7) | 8 (13.3) | |
2 | 62 (40.0) | 38 (40.0) | 24 (40.0) | |
3 | 51 (32.9) | 30 (31.6) | 21 (35.0) | |
Unknown | 20 (12.9) | 13 (13.7) | 7 (11.7) | |
Metastases at presentation, n (%) | ||||
Absent | 132 (85.2) | 84 (88.4) | 48 (80.0) | 0.2 |
Present | 23 (14.8) | 11 (11.6) | 12 (20.0) | |
Resection of primary, n (%) | ||||
Yes | 124 (80.0) | 80 (84.2) | 44 (73.3) | 0.1 |
No | 31 (20.0) | 15 (15.8) | 16 (26.7) | |
ER/PR positivity, n (%) | ||||
Absent | 26 (16.8) | 24 (25.3) | 2 (3.3) | 0.6 |
Present | 24 (15.5) | 21 (22.1) | 3 (5.0) | |
Unknown | 105 (67.7) | 50 (52.6) | 55 (91.7) | |
Venous origin | ||||
Yes | 89 (57.4) | 66 (69.5) | 23 (38.3) | < 0.0001 |
No | 66 (42.6) | 29 (30.5) | 37 (61.7) | |
Organ system, n (%) | ||||
Sex-hormone drainage pathwaya | 82 (52.9) | 58 (61.1) | 24a (40.0) | 0.01 |
Non-sex-steroid drainage pathway | 73 (47.1) | 37 (38.9) | 36 (60.0) | |
Ovarian drainage pathway, n (%) | ||||
Yes | 53 (34.2) | 53 (55.8) | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
No | 102 (65.8) | 42 (44.2) | 60 (100.0) |
Location | Females (N = 95) | Location | Males (N = 60) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
If the organ/vein of origin was narrowed to two sites, both sites were recorded but given half a point each. If more than two possible sites were noted, the location was deemed indeterminate. IVC: inferior vena cava. | |||||
Venous | Venous | ||||
Ovarian vein/ovary | 27 | 28.4 | Renal vein | 5 | 8.3 |
IVC IIA | 21.5 | 22.6 | IVC IIA | 4 | 6.7 |
Renal vein | 6 | 6.3 | Other veins | 3.5 | 5.8 |
Adrenal/adrenal vein | 5.5 | 5.8 | Adrenal/adrenal vein | 3.5 | 5.8 |
IVC IIB | 5 | 5.3 | IVC IIB | 3 | 5 |
Anal/sphincter/perineum | 5 | 5.3 | IVC I | 2 | 3.3 |
IVC I | 3 | 3.2 | Testicular vein | 1 | 1.7 |
Other veins | 2 | 2.1 | IVC III | 0 | 0 |
IVC III | 0 | 0 | |||
Non-venous | Non-venous | ||||
Anal/sphincter/perineum | 5 | 5.3 | Paratesticular/spermatic cord | 10 | 16.7 |
Indeterminate | 4 | 4.2 | Prostate | 6 | 10 |
Vagina | 3 | 3.2 | Rectum | 4 | 6.7 |
Colon | 3 | 3.2 | Liver | 3 | 5 |
Small bowel | 2 | 2.1 | Other genitals | 3 | 5 |
Stomach | 2 | 2.1 | Indeterminate | 3 | 5 |
Bladder | 2 | 2.1 | Kidney | 2.5 | 4.2 |
Rectum | 1 | 1.1 | Bladder | 2 | 3.3 |
Liver | 1 | 1.1 | Other bowel | 2 | 3.3 |
Kidney | 1 | 1.1 | Stomach | 1.5 | 2.5 |
Artery | 1 | 1.1 | Ureter | 1 | 1.7 |
Ureter | 0 | 0 |
Sex | Vein/vein segment | Frequency/mm2 | Normalized rate (IVC IIB = 1) |
---|---|---|---|
AV-LMS: abdominal venous leiomyosarcoma; IVC: inferior vena cava. | |||
Female | Adrenal veins | 1.3 × 10-2 | 14.3 |
IVC IIA | 5.8 × 10-3 | 6.2 | |
Ovarian veins | 4.6 × 10-3 | 4.9 | |
Right renal vein | 1.9 × 10-3 | 2.1 | |
Left renal vein, medial | 1.7 × 10-3 | 1.8 | |
Left renal vein, lateral | 9.4 × 10-4 | 1.0 | |
IVC IIB | 9.4 × 10-4 | 1.0 | |
IVC I | 6.9 × 10-4 | 0.7 | |
Common iliac veins | 1.7 × 10-4 | 0.2 | |
External iliac veins | 1.2 × 10-4 | 0.1 | |
IVC III | 0 | 0 | |
Male | Adrenal veins | 1.1 × 10-2 | 18.4 |
Right renal vein | 1.5 × 10-3 | 2.5 | |
Left renal vein, medial | 8.9 × 10-4 | 1.5 | |
Left renal vein, lateral | 7.6 × 10-4 | 1.3 | |
IVC IIA | 7.0 × 10-4 | 1.2 | |
IVC IIB | 6.1 × 10-4 | 1.0 | |
IVC I | 4.0 × 10-4 | 0.7 | |
Testicular veins | 1.7 × 10-4 | 0.3 | |
Common iliac veins | 0 | 0 | |
External iliac veins | 0 | 0 | |
IVC III | 0 | 0 |
Variables | Univariate | Multivariable | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
CI: confidence interval; FNCLCC: French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group; OR: odds ratio. | ||||||
Sex | 0.155 | |||||
Male | - | - | ||||
Female | 0.5 | 0.2 - 1.3 | ||||
Age (years) | 1.0 | 1.0 - 1.0 | 0.960 | |||
Tumor size (cm) | 1.1 | 1.0 - 1.2 | 0.003 | 1.9 | 1.2 - 3.2 | 0.009 |
Organ system | 0.008 | 0.020 | ||||
Sex-hormone drainage pathway | - | - | - | - | ||
Non-sex-hormone drainage pathway | 3.8 | 1.5 - 11.5 | 3.3 | 1.2 - 9.3 | ||
Ovarian drainage pathway | - | - | 0.075 | |||
Yes | 2.8 | 1.0 - 10.1 | ||||
No | ||||||
FNCLCC grade | 0.308 | |||||
1 | - | - | ||||
2 | 1.5 | 0.3 - 10.4 | ||||
3 | 2.8 | 0.7 - 18.9 |
Variables | Univariate | Multivariable | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
CI: confidence interval; FNCLCC: French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group; OR: odds ratio. | ||||||
Sex | 0.10 | |||||
Male | - | - | ||||
Female | 0.5 | 0.2 - 1.2 | ||||
Age (years) | 1.0 | 1.0 - 1.0 | 0.80 | |||
Tumor size (cm) | 1.1 | 1.0 - 1.2 | 0.003 | 2.0 | 1.2 - 3.4 | 0.006 |
Organ system | 0.009 | 0.016 | ||||
Sex-hormone drainage pathway | - | - | - | - | ||
Non-sex-hormone drainage pathway | 4.1 | 1.4 - 12.0 | 3.8 | 1.3 - 11.2 | ||
Ovarian drainage pathway | - | - | 0.06 | |||
Yes | 3.0 | 1.0 - 9.4 | ||||
No | ||||||
FNCLCC grade | 0.40 | |||||
1 | - | - | ||||
2 | 1.7 | 0.4 - 11.7 | ||||
3 | 2.7 | 0.6 - 18.7 |