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World Journal of Oncology

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 6, December 2021, pages 232-239

Early mRNA Expression of Neuroendocrine Differentiation Signals Predicts Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy: A Transcriptomic Analysis

Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of prostate cancer (PC) represents a state of transformation from luminal to small cell morphology [1, 2]. This transition is of particular clinical significance as it results in a resistant phenotype that does not respond to therapies targeting androgen receptor signaling [3]. Several acquired gene alterations affecting NED mediators and signals are implicated in this process, including loss of tumor suppressors PTEN, RB1, TP53 [4, 5], abundance of master transcriptional regulators (ASCL1, ONECUT2) and mediators (DLL3) determining lineage plasticity towards a neuronal phenotype [6-8], cell cycle genes (AURKA, AURKB, PLK1) [9-11], transcriptional repressors (REST) [12] and epigenetic modifiers involved in histone methylation and gene repression (EZH2) [13, 14].

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a key transcription factor with known tumor-promoting and anti-apoptotic effects in various primaries. NF-κB consists of a heterodimer formed by the p50 and RelA (p65) proteins, which are encoded by the NFKB1 and RELA genes, respectively [15]. NF-κB is constitutively active in advanced PC leading to increased angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis [16, 17]. More importantly, NF-κB activation is sufficient to maintain androgen-independent growth of PC by regulating androgen receptor (AR) action [18].

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a key neuropeptide, signaling through its receptors, endothelin receptor A (ETA) and B (ETB) to mitigate proliferative signals to PC cells [19]. High immunohistochemical expression of ET-1 and ETA is associated with aggressive features of PC and is frequently found in high Gleason tumors, extracapsular disease and metastases [20, 21]. We have previously shown that ET-1 is mechanistically linked with NF-κB activation, nuclear translocation and oncogenic signaling to promote androgen-independent growth [22, 23].

Because most genomic alterations characterizing the NE phenotype are not present in early PC, we aimed to assess the clinical relevance of mRNA expression of NF-κB and endothelin axis-encoding genes in primary prostate tumors with regard to biochemical recurrence (BCR), and whether this could be associated with early transcriptomic changes of genes that function as NED inducers at later stages.

This study used a publicly available database, cBioportal for Cancer Genomics (www.cbioportal.org) with DNA and RNA sequencing data from 218 tumor samples (181 primaries, 37 metastases) and 149 matched normal samples obtained from patients treated by radical prostatectomy (RP) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA [24]. Of those, 122 treatment-naive patients underwent RP, and were subsequently followed with history, physical exam, and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing every 3 months for the first year, 6 months for the second year, and annually thereafter [24]. For all analyses, BCR was defined as PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/mL on two occasions [24].

This study represents an analysis of publicly available data from a study conducted under Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Institutional Review Board approval [24], and is in compliance with the ethical standards of the responsible institution on human subjects as well as with the Helsinki Declaration. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects with publicly available data [24] involved in this study.

DNA and RNA were extracted from dissected tissue containing greater than 70% tumor cell content [24]. DNA and RNA were hybridized to Agilent 244K array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) microarrays, Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST arrays, and/or Agilent microRNA V2 arrays, respectively [24]. A total of 251 million bases in coding exons and adjacent intronic sequences of 138 cancer-related genes in 91 samples were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified and sequenced by Sanger capillary sequencing [24]. Ninety-five sites of known mutation in 22 genes were also genotyped using the iPLEX Sequenom platform [24]. Outlier profiles for all transcripts and outlier assignments in all tumors were determined from normalized expression data [24]. A z score threshold of ± 2 was used for comparison of mRNA expression between tumor and normal prostate samples.

The Kaplan Meier method was used to assess the association between altered and unaltered mRNA expression levels with BCR-free survival. The two-sided t-test was used to assess for correlations between mRNA expression of different genes. The Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess correlations between mRNA expression of genes and clinical characteristics. The Benjamin-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction procedure was used for multiple comparisons. All results were reported at the 0.05 significance level.

A total of 122 samples from corresponding patients with available mRNA profiling were included in this study. More than half patients (n = 64 or 52.4%) had a Gleason score of 7 (Table 1). The majority of patients (n = 110) had disease confined to the prostate, either T1 (n = 63 or 51.6%) or T2 (n = 47 or 38.5%) stage (Table 1).

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Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of the Study Cohort (N = 122)

Queried genes were altered in 69 (55%) of patients/samples. The most commonly altered gene expression was that of EDNRA (41%), followed by RELA (16%), NFKB1 (15%), EDNRB (6%), and EDN1 (5%) (Fig. 1).The presence of mRNA expression alterations was more frequent (P < 0.001) in tumors with higher Gleason score, particularly Gleason 8 (10/10 or 100% altered) and Gleason 9 (8/10 or 80% altered), while there was more equal distribution between altered and unaltered tumors within Gleason 6 (13/27 or 48.1% altered) and Gleason 7 (37/64 or 57.8% altered) scores (Fig. 2).

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Figure 1. Oncoplot of mRNA expression (high, low, no alterations) among endothelin axis and NF-κB subunit genes.

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Figure 2. Bar graphs of the distribution between altered and unaltered groups of patients within different Gleason scores.

There were significant direct correlations of mRNA expression between NFKB1 and RELA (Fig. 3a), NFKB1 and EDNRA (Fig. 3b), NFKB1 and EDNRB (Fig. 3c), EDNRA and EDNRB genes (Fig. 3d). Thirty-two (26.2%) patients recurred during follow-up while 80 patients remained disease-free (65.6%). Patients with tumors harboring mRNA expression alterations in the tested genes experienced a significantly shorter BCR-free survival (log-rank P = 0.029) (Fig. 4).

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Figure 3. Scatter plots depicting the correlation of mRNA expression between: (a) NFKB1 and RELA, (b) NFKB1 and EDNRA, (c) NFKB1 and EDNRB, (d) EDNRA and EDNRB genes.

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Figure 4. Kaplan Meier curve of BCR-free (disease-free) survival according to presence or absence of mRNA expression alterations in endothelin axis and NF-κB subunit genes. BCR: biochemical recurrence.

Because most typical molecular features of the NE phenotype are not present in early PC, we tested whether the subset of patients with tumors harboring altered NF-κB and endothelin axis genes could be enriched in early genomic and transcriptomic changes that are etiologically related with NEPC, including tumor suppressors PTEN, RB1, TP53, master transcriptional regulators ASCL1, ONECUT2, REST, and DLL3 determining lineage plasticity towards a neuronal phenotype, cell cycle genes AURKA, AURKB, PLK1 and epigenetic modifier EZH2 which is involved in histone methylation and gene repression [4-14].

First, we found that a higher number of tumors with altered NF-κB and endothelin axis gene expression displayed copy number losses of the tumor suppressors RB1 (7.2% vs. 1.7%), TP53 (2.9% vs. 1.7%) and PTEN (14.5% vs. 7.0%), compared to those without NF-κB and endothelin axis gene alterations (Table 2, Fig. 5). Second, mRNA expression of ASCL1 (log ratio = 0.88; q < 0.001), ONECUT2 (log ratio = 0.93; q < 0.001), DLL3 (log ratio = 0.58; q = 0.019), AURKA (log ratio = 0.94; q = 0.013), AURKB (log ratio = 0.53; q = 0.014), PLK1 (log ratio = 1.08; q < 0.001), and EZH2 (log ratio = 1.87; q < 0.001) were enriched in patients with tumors harboring alterations in endothelin axis and NF-κB subunit genes whereas transcriptional repressor REST was downregulated (log ratio = -0.86; q < 0.001) (Fig. 6).

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Table 2. Copy Number Loss in Tumor Suppressor Genes Between Endothelin Axis and NF-κB Altered and Unaltered Groups

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Figure 5. Copy number loss in tumor suppressor genes between endothelin axis/NF-κB altered and unaltered groups.

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Figure 6. Gene expression of neuroendocrine differentiation signals between endothelin axis and NF-κB altered and unaltered groups.

In this study we assessed the transcriptional expression, interrelations and clinical significance of major NED pathways in patients with primary PC undergoing RP. We demonstrate that changes in mRNA levels of NFKB1, RELA, EDN1, EDNRA, and EDNRB are interrelated and are associated with Gleason score and BCR after RP. These results are consistent with immunohistochemical expression findings from other groups and ours, who reported that ET-1 and NF-κB protein staining in primary prostate tumors predicts aggressiveness of PC with regard to grade and stage, as well as with risk of BCR [25-32]. Thus, our findings complement our prior work and provide a comprehensive understanding of the prognostic value of key members of the endothelin axis and NF-κB subunits both at the transcriptional and protein expression levels.

Taking a step further, our study strengthens the role of NF-κB and endothelin axis genes as early predictors of NED in primary PC by providing evidence of direct association with known NED mediators and signals implicated in this process, including tumor suppressors (PTEN, RB1, TP53), master transcriptional regulators (ASCL1, ONECUT2, REST) and mediators (DLL3) determining lineage plasticity towards a neuronal phenotype, cell cycle genes (AURKA, AURKB, PLK1), and epigenetic modifiers involved in histone methylation and gene repression (EZH2) [4-14].

Our findings suggest that altered NFKB1, RELA, EDN1, EDNRA, and EDNRB genes in primary prostate tumors could serve as surrogates of early NED through acquisition of early genomic and transcriptomic changes in NED hallmark genes. Previous studies have emphasized that low PSA, high-grade PC of Gleason 8 - 10 has very high risk for PC-specific mortality, potentially responds poorly to androgen deprivation therapy, and is associated with neuroendocrine genomic features [33]. This becomes even more important in our study given that the majority of tumors were Gleason ≤ 7 and only 16% of tumors were Gleason 8 or 9; yet we were still able to detect preliminary transcriptomic changes associated with NED that led to a shorter time to BCR. Hence, while NED is a well-described phase in the continuum of advanced PC, predicting transition to this state at an early stage while PC remains curable opens new avenues for early therapeutic targeting of this resistant phenotype. The type of definitive local therapy (RP vs. radiation) itself might result in different outcomes of these patients, according to a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis of 309 de novo NEPC cases, in whom RP improved overall survival (OS) among individuals with non-metastatic disease, whereas radiation therapy did not affect OS rates [34]. Additionally, considering the impact of different surgical approaches on quality of life after treatment in this subset of patients with aggressive disease, it might be reasonable to favor a robotic-assisted RP which has been associated with higher 12-month urinary function and 6-month sexual function propensity scores compared to laparoscopic and open RP, respectively [35].

The present study is limited by the relatively small number of patients included; however, the fact that an external prospective PC cohort was analyzed adds more value to our prior observations at the protein expression level of endothelin axis and NF-κB pathway. Further, high Gleason score (≥ 8) tumors were a minority in this study which explains the small number of patients who experienced BCR during this study’s long follow-up of up to 150 months. It may be postulated that if the study had included more high-risk PC patients, the mRNA expression levels of endothelin axis and NF-κB subunit genes as well as the enrichment in NED genomic and transcriptomic signatures would be more pronounced.

Collectively, this study supports the clinical significance of endothelin axis and NF-κB subunits mRNA expression in early PC as surrogates of BCR and of a typical NED transcriptomic profile. It also poses implications for therapeutic targeting against key members of these pathways. ETA antagonists, including atrasentan and zibotentan have been tested previously in patients with advanced, castration-resistant PC, unfortunately without success [36, 37]. Given the association of endothelin axis genes with targetable NED markers, pharmacologic inhibition of AURKA, DLL3 or EZH2 which is already being investigated in the advanced castration-resistant setting [38-40] might be worth testing at an early stage.

Acknowledgments

None to declare.

Financial Disclosure

This research received no external funding.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects with publicly available data involved in this study.

Author Contributions

PJV conceptualized and designed the study, performed the analysis, interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript. AK, CNP, and VT contributed in the interpretation of the results, and writing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Data Availability

Publicly available data supporting results of this study were previously deposited in NCBI GEO under accession number GSE21032 [24] and can be accessed through the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics at cbioportal.org.

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