Journals | Policy | Permission

World Journal of Oncology

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 3, June 2015, pages 349-354

Management and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor and Non-Neuroendocrine Tumor Appendiceal Cancers in the United States

Appendiceal cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases, with a relatively low incidence compared to other gastrointestinal tumors. Prevalent reports had revealed that appendiceal cancers account for 0.5% of all intestinal tumors [1], with annual incidence of 0.12 cases per 100,000 people [2]. However, a recent study found a remarkable 54% increase in the incidence of appendiceal cancer in the United States over a 10-year period, rising from 0.63 per 100,000 persons in 2000 to 0.97 per 100,000 persons by 2009 [3]. This corresponds to a current estimated 3,000 cases per year in the United States alone. Moreover, survival is strongly associated with stage and histology, which often guide the treatment plan. Since prospective randomized trials are limited in appendiceal tumors, management is largely based on consensus guidelines and institutional series. The largest published series of appendiceal cancers have been the population-based surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data reports [2-4]. The most common histologic subtype reported was non-neuroendocrine tumors (non-NETs) which included low grade mucinous (37-38%), adenocarcinoma (26-27%), goblet (15-19%), and signet ring cell carcinoma (4-6%). NETs accounted for 11-17%. Moreover, the impact of histology on survival was highlighted by the wide 5-year disease-specific survival rates for these subtypes ranging from 91% for NET to 27% for signet ring cancers.

Surgical treatment remains the primary management of the majority of appendiceal cancers. Surgical procedures range from simple appendectomy to peritonectomy and intraperitoneal chemotherapy administration. The extent of surgery is influenced by histology, size and stage of the tumor. Given the rarity of these tumors and complexity of their management, there is concern regarding the proper utilization of these surgical approaches [5-7]. The SEER database lacks sufficient details of the management intervention employed for patients entered into the cancer registry database [3]. Consequently, important factors that can impact treatment decisions and outcomes such as patient co-morbidities, surgical expertise as reflected in the characteristics and location of hospital cannot be evaluated using the SEER database. The nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) database is maintained by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and it is the largest database of health care outcome in hospitalized patients in the United States. We utilized this database to assess the pattern and predictors of surgical treatment for patients with appendiceal cancers.

The 2006 through 2010 data sets of the NIS were used for this study [8]. The NIS database is the largest all-payer inpatient care database in the United States from over 1,000 hospitals. The database contains clinical and demographic information from hospital discharge abstracts and it is maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Because the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) does not release patient identifiers for confidentiality reasons, hospital discharges were used as the unit of measure for analyses. The database codes for diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), procedure and diagnostic indices were used according to the Ninth Edition of the International Classification of Diseases Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) [9]. The primary outcome was type of surgery that the patients received. Patient-specific covariates included age, gender, race, histology, insurance status, presence of metastatic disease and co-morbid medical conditions. Histologic diagnosis was divided into NET vs. non-NET cancers which included mucinous, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous, goblet cell, and signet ring. All instances of hospital discharges for patients with a diagnosis of appendiceal cancer were identified using Clinical Classification Software (CCS) procedure code (231) and ICD-9 Diagnoses (20,911 and 1,535) and procedure codes (9,985, 1,733, 4,573, 9,985, 470; 1 through 9 and 471; 1 through 19) in any fields of principal or secondary diagnosis. Ethical approval was not required for the study since patient information in the database is completely de-identified and the database is legally accessible to the public.

The clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients were summarized using descriptive statistics as appropriate for variable type and distribution. Univariate analysis of surgical treatment with numerical covariates was performed with a logistic model and weighted Chi-square test was used for categorical covariates. Sample stratification, clustering, and weighting were taken into account. Histology, gender, metastatic cancer, co-morbidity, multivisceral resection and HIPEC, location of hospital, number of diagnosis, and stage were found to be significantly related to surgery type. Multivariable analysis of each outcome was further conducted using a backward variable selection method with an alpha level of removal set at 0.1. To simultaneously account for hospital-level and patient-level variation in each endpoint, a generalized linear model with the use of generalized estimated equation was employed. The model accounted for data correlations by assuming exchangeability among admissions from the same hospital. The univariate association of length of stay with type of surgery was evaluated with a negative binomial regression model. Length of stay was first evaluated with a Poisson distribution but due to overdispersion, a negative binomial regression model, which allows for overdispersion, was used for analyses. All analyses were done using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with a significant level of 0.05.

A total of 3,799 patient discharges with appendiceal cancer identified over the 5-year period covered by the study were included in the analysis (Table 1). There were 3,508 (92.34%) cases of non-NET and 291 (7.66%) were NET. The mean age was 56.8 years (± SD 14.6), with a range of 12 - 97 years. Although there were more female than male patients (54.73% vs. 45.27%), there was no significant difference in histologic distribution by gender (P = 0.172). Metastatic disease was present in 41.3% of the cases. The mean number of concurrent medical diagnoses including the cancer diagnosis was 8 (± 5). The vast majority of the patients (96.8%) had health insurance coverage.

Click to view

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics

A very small proportion of patients with appendiceal cancer (3.2%) in the NIS database were uninsured. The uninsured patients were younger (47 vs. 57 years) and more likely to be African-American (7.5% vs. 2.5%; P = 0.006). There was however no statistically significant difference in health insurance status with respect to gender, co-morbid medical illnesses, or the type of surgical treatment including HIPEC.

There was a very low incidence of in-hospital mortality (2.5%) recorded in patients who underwent any type of surgical resections. Patients treated with appendectomy had a lower rate of in-hospital mortality than patients receiving more extensive surgeries. Patients treated with appendectomy had a significantly shorter hospital stay (RR: 0.79; 0.72 - 0.86; P < 0.001) and were more likely to have been discharged home (91% vs. 85%; P < 0.001) rather than to a rehabilitation facility or hospice care.

Univariate analysis showed significant differences between the NET and non-NET histologic subtypes with respect to age, race, type of surgery, number of diagnosis and presence of metastases (Table 2). Patients with NET were significantly younger (mean age: 50.7 ± 18.02 years) than those with non-NET (57.4 ± 14.21 years; P < 0.001). Metastatic spread of disease was more common in patients with non-NET (95.7% vs. 4.3%; P < 0.001). There was a significant association between NET cancer diagnosis and fewer co-morbid medical conditions (P = 0.012).

Click to view

Table 2. Patient Characteristics and Surgical Intervention in NET and Non-NET Appendiceal Tumors

Surgical procedures included appendectomy (18.4%), colorectal resections (35.7%), and multivisceral resections (8.5%) (Table 2). Only 2.4% of all the patients had the addition of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) to multivisceral resection/peritonectomy. Other surgical procedures that did not include any of the above procedures were performed in 12.7% of all the patients. Univariate analysis showed some of the factors associated with specific type of surgical management. NET, female gender, non-metastatic disease, any co-morbidity, rural hospital location, and less number of diagnoses were related to appendectomy surgery (Table 3). Apart from co-morbidities and hospital location, these factors remained significant on multivariable analysis (Table 4). Appendectomy was more likely to be performed in patients with NET cancer (31%) as compared to non-NET (17%) (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.23 - 2.07; P < 0.001). Patients with localized disease (HR: 0.64; 0.54 - 0.76; P < 0.001) as well as female patients (HR: 0.65; 0.55 - 0.77; P < 0.001) were more likely to have appendectomy. However, race, age of the patients and insurance status did not show any significant association with the type of surgical management received. Three hundred and twenty-four patients were treated with HIPEC (8.5% of all the cases), mostly with non-NET histology (91% vs. 8%). Majority of these patients had no co-morbid medical illness (60% vs. 39%), and they received their surgical care at hospitals located in urban areas.

Click to view

Table 3. Association of Patient and Facility Characteristics With Choice of Surgical Management

Click to view

Table 4. Variables Identified Through Predictor Modeling to Have Significant Association With Choice of Appendectomy

The prognosis and treatment of appendiceal cancers is largely determined byhistology [10]. The 5-year disease-specific survival rates from previous reports range from 93% for NET to 27% for signet ring cell adenocarcinoma, with up to an eight-fold difference in the adjusted hazard ratio within the same cancer stage between patients with differing tumor histologies [11]. Management guidelines for management of NET of the appendix recommend simple appendectomy for tumors less than 2 cm in the absence of high risk features such as mesoappendiceal or vascular invasion, positive or uncertain margins, and mixed histology [6, 7] and right hemicolectomy for tumors longer than 2 cm [12]. Indolent well-differentiated low grade mucinous tumors are managed by surgical resection of primary site and debulking surgery with HIPEC for more advanced disease. In the rare high grade adenocarcinoma or signet ring of the appendix, more extensive surgery with right hemicolectomy and systemic therapy will be required [13]. Therefore, surgery has a central role in the management of appendiceal tumors. In this study, we report on the pattern of inpatient surgical management of appendiceal tumors and the interplay of various clinical and demographic factors such as tumor histology, gender, race and insurance status.

The demographics of the hospitalized patients included in this analysis are comparable to previously reported results [2, 3]. Similar to the results from population-based registry studies, Caucasian females in the sixth decade represented the largest group and cases of non-NET were more common than NET. Patients with NET are younger than patients with non-NET histologies and presented at an earlier stage of disease. Overall the outcome of hospitalized patients with appendiceal tumors was good with relatively low mortality rates and high proportion of patients being discharged home. As expected mortality and shorter hospital stay was seen in patients undergoing appendectomy as compared to other surgeries.

Patients with appendiceal NET and early stage disease were more likely to receive appendectomy. This observation was expected and consistent with current management guideline recommendations. The use of multi-visceral resection and HIPEC at 2.4% was however, much lower than what would be expected in the population with advanced stage non-NET. Numerous studies have established multivisceral resection and HIPEC as the gold standard for pseudomyxoma peritonei secondary to non-NET [14-16], a significant subset considering the 37-38% incidence of mucinous neoplasms in appendiceal cancers [2-4]. The low utilization of debulking surgery and HIPEC was however not associated with patient characteristics, such as race or insurance status. Majority of patients were treated with non-appendectomy surgical procedures. These patients had less co-morbidity and were more likely to be treated at urban centers. The overall usage of HIPEC at 2.4% is however concerning and suggests that patients with advanced stage non-NET of appendix may be receiving suboptimal surgical interventions including HIPEC. While simple appendectomy is employed in the minority of patients both in the rural and urban settings, the majority of cases of non-appendectomy surgical procedures including HIPEC were performed in the urban centers. This may either reflect the larger population of patients residing in urban areas and/or the increased availability of the required expertise at such urban centers compared to the rural areas.

Our analysis is the largest detailed review of the surgical management approach employed for patients with appendiceal cancer in the US. Since procedures such as multivisceral resection and HIPEC are performed in the hospital, the NIS dataset would be sensitive to capture a significant proportion of patients who were treated with this strategy. Nonetheless, our findings have important limitations that should be considered. The retrospective nature of this work limits our ability to full control for potential biases and confounders. Patients included in the dataset cannot be followed longitudinally to determine long-term survival outcomes. Moreover, it is not unlikely for the diagnosis to be unclear at the initial resection and decisions regarding additional surgery to be made after pathologic examination of surgical specimens. Social and personal factors of the patient that influence the choice of a specific surgical intervention cannot be ascertained from this database analysis. Furthermore, we observed a significant number of cases had missing data regarding surgical procedure employed. Finally, the lack of coding for the different non-NET histology precluded analysis of the impact of specific histologic subtypes on the surgical approach.

In conclusion, our study established the utilization pattern of various surgical interventions employed in the management of appendiceal tumors in the US. It is anticipated that these findings will guide future prospective research in this arena especially, studies that will focus on potential barriers to appropriate surgical intervention including HIPEC in patients with advanced stage disease.

Grant Support

There was non-specific funding for this study and there are no competing financial disclosures. OBA is supported by Elkin Fellowship Award and NIH T32CA160040-01A1 grant (P.I., Dong M. Shin). TKO and BFE are Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholars.

1. Hesketh KT. The management of primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix. Gut. 1963;4:158-168.
   doi pubmed
2. McCusker ME, Cote TR, Clegg LX, Sobin LH. Primary malignant neoplasms of the appendix: a population-based study from the surveillance, epidemiology and end-results program, 1973-1998. Cancer. 2002;94(12):3307-3312.
   doi pubmed
3. Marmor S, Portschy PR, Tuttle TM, Virnig BA. The rise in appendiceal cancer incidence: 2000-2009. J Gastrointest Surg. 2015;19(4):743-750.
   doi pubmed
4. McGory ML, Maggard MA, Kang H, O'Connell JB, Ko CY. Malignancies of the appendix: beyond case series reports. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(12):2264-2271.
   doi pubmed
5. Benedix F, Reimer A, Gastinger I, Mroczkowski P, Lippert H, Kube R. Primary appendiceal carcinoma--epidemiology, surgery and survival: results of a German multi-center study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36(8):763-771.
   doi pubmed
6. Boudreaux JP, Klimstra DS, Hassan MM, Woltering EA, Jensen RT, Goldsmith SJ, Nutting C, et al. The NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the Jejunum, Ileum, Appendix, and Cecum. Pancreas. 2010;39(6):753-766.
   doi pubmed
7. Pape UF, Perren A, Niederle B, Gross D, Gress T, Costa F, Arnold R, et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms from the jejuno-ileum and the appendix including goblet cell carcinomas. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95(2):135-156.
   doi pubmed
8. (NIS) HNIS. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2010
9. ICD-9-CM. Official authorized addendum for the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Volumes 1, 2, and 3. Effective for discharge October 1, 1988. National Center for Health Statistics and the Health Care Financing Administration. J Am Med Rec Assoc. 1988;59(8):suppl 1-34.
10. Shankar S, Ledakis P, El Halabi H, Gushchin V, Sardi A. Neoplasms of the appendix: current treatment guidelines. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2012;26(6):1261-1290.
    doi pubmed
11. Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T. Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(5):1379-1385.
    doi pubmed
12. Moertel CG, Weiland LH, Nagorney DM, Dockerty MB. Carcinoid tumor of the appendix: treatment and prognosis. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(27):1699-1701.
    doi pubmed
13. Murphy EM, Farquharson SM, Moran BJ. Management of an unexpected appendiceal neoplasm. Br J Surg. 2006;93(7):783-792.
    doi pubmed
14. Gonzalez-Moreno S, Sugarbaker PH. Right hemicolectomy does not confer a survival advantage in patients with mucinous carcinoma of the appendix and peritoneal seeding. Br J Surg. 2004;91(3):304-311.
    doi pubmed
15. Elias D, Gilly F, Quenet F, Bereder JM, Sideris L, Mansvelt B, Lorimier G, et al. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: a French multicentric study of 301 patients treated with cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36(5):456-462.
    doi pubmed
16. Sugarbaker PH, Cunliffe WJ, Belliveau J, de Bruijn EA, Graves T, Mullins RE, Schlag P. Rationale for integrating early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy into the surgical treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. Semin Oncol. 1989;16(4 Suppl 6):83-97.
    pubmed

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

World Journal of Oncology is published by Elmer Press Inc.